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'''Analogy''', by definition is the understanding of a known or an unknown object or person by comparing it to a well known or universal symbol. Such as to compare [[liberal]] for [[deceit]].
'''Analogy''', by definition is the understanding of a known or an unknown object or person by comparing it to a well known or universal symbol. Such as to compare [[liberal]] for [[deceit]].
==Analogy and Argument from Analogy in Science==
Despite that in [[Exact sciences|science]] an analogy is considered a legitimate device in process of searching for [[Explanation in science|scientific explanation]] of [[phenomena]] under investigation (i.e. it has a legitimate [[heuristic]] use)<ref name="Leatherdale">{{cite book |author=W. H. Leatherdale|title=The role of analogy, model, and metaphor in science|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|year=1974|page=181|isbn=9780720480221|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=98GwUevjOaKJ4gTX9ICwCw&id=1JI1AAAAIAAJ&dq=leatherdale+the+role+of+analogy&q=legitimate#search_anchor|quote=}}</ref>, it cannot serve as [[Scientific evidence|proof]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Louis Pasteur|author=Patrice Debré|publisher=The John sHopkins University Press|place=Baltimore and London|year=1998|pages=260|isbn=978-0801-865299|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&printsec=frontcover&dq=ouis+Pasteur+Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R6mwUfe1Cuqw4QSS64GYAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy&f=false|quote=Pasteur...went up to ... offer his criticism:...Analogy cannot serve as proof.}}</ref> Analogies are also suggestive, however the suggestions they make are often the source of errors which would otherwise have been avoided.<ref name="Leatherdale"/> Darwin has been often criticised for using the argument from analogy<ref name="Larson">{{cite book
|author=E.J. Larson
|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
|publisher=Modern Library
|location=New York
|year=2006
|pages=84
|isbn=0-8129-6849-2
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xzLRvxlJhzkC&dq=E.J.Larson:+Evolution+the+remarkable+history+of+a+scientific+theory&source=bl&ots=rY2bh63YAs&sig=PNG4Cc0sG9gewbvhDgfMdOyAbo0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wOt4UNi0MIrntQbXwYHADg&redir_esc=y
|access date=2012-10-13
|quote=Darwin began his argument with an analogy. ... Building on this analogy, Darwin then turned to wild plants and animals. ... Lacking understanding of modern genetics and conceding that "our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound," Darwin speculated that innate differences among individuals often came from ... Of course, he did not understand heredity.}}</ref> as substitute for [[scientific observation]]. From analogy he moved to using [[metaphor]] (poetic device){{#tag:ref|cf."Methaphorical statements are not true or false, but merely apt or inapt, appropriate or inappropriate. Scientific statements make truth claims and therefore cannot be methaphorical."<ref name="Leatherdale"/>|group=note}} and [[Logic of possibility|imaginary examples]] such absurd and fantastic transformation from bears into whilelike animals owing to insects in the water functioning as the selector in the environment.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Randal Hedtke
|title=Secrets of the Sixth Edition
|publisher=Master Books
|place=Portland, Oregon
|year=2010
|chapter=An analysis of Darwin's Natural-Selection, Artificial-Selection Analogy: Critique of the Analogy
|pages=79-102
|isbn=978-0-89051-597-6
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P0VpUOh9S3oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hedtke+the+secrets&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLqwUdqkI8GD4AT8vIGYCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analogy%20substitued&f=false
|quote= ... Arguments from Analogy may be fertile but they are all invalid.}}</ref>
== How to tell you have an analogy ==
== How to tell you have an analogy ==
It is sometimes difficult to diagnose exactly what an analogy is. Sometimes you will be confused as to whether you have a simple comparison, or an actual analogy. For instance, to say that you have a bike, which is like your friend's bike. This is a comparison, because you're not describing a different type of object to your bike, but instead, comparing your bike to another like object.
It is sometimes difficult to diagnose exactly what an analogy is. Sometimes you will be confused as to whether you have a simple comparison, or an actual analogy. For instance, to say that you have a bike, which is like your friend's bike. This is a comparison, because you're not describing a different type of object to your bike, but instead, comparing your bike to another like object.
*[[Metaphor]]
*[[Metaphor]]
*[[Weak analogy]], a [[logical fallacy]] based on improper use of an analogy
*[[Weak analogy]], a [[logical fallacy]] based on improper use of an analogy
[[Category: Philosophy]]
==Notes==
<references group=note/>
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Literary Devices]]
[[Category:Literary Devices]]
[[Category:Methodology of Science]]
[[Category:Rhetoric]]