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More important, Marx did not limit his disparagement of Jews to his public writing and his creditors, but extended it to Jews in general. "His private letters are replete with anti-Semitic remarks, caricatures, and crude epithets," writes Marx's biographer, Saul K. Padover: "'Levy's Jewish nose,' 'usurers,' 'Jew-boy,' 'nigger-Jew,' etc."<ref>Saul Kussiel Padover, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Aw8YAAAAIAAJ Karl Marx, an intimate biography] (McGraw-Hill, 1978) ISBN 0070480729, p. 171</ref> Marx "sprayed anti-Semitic insults at his enemies with savage glee," writes Francis Wheen:<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 55</ref> "The Jew [Heymann] Steinthal, with the bland smile"; "that pig... is a Jew by the name of Meier"; he called the journalist Max Friedländer "the cursed Jew of Vienna," French Minister of Finance Achille Fould a "stock-exchange Jew,"  and Joseph Süß Oppenheimer "the Jew Süß of Egypt." He once referred to a woman who, he wrote, "swamped me with her benevolence" as "the most ugly creature I ever saw in my life, a nastily Jewish physiognomy."<ref>Marx to Nanette Philips, March 24, 1861, reprinted in [http://books.google.com/books?id=UQgiaY9f6Q4C Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe, Volume 11] (Akademie Verlag, 2005) ISBN 3050041803, p. 404. (The text of this letter to his cousin is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> On another occasion he refers to a Jewish man as "a cunning-looking Jew-boy."<ref>Marx to Engels, August 21, 1875, reprinted in Saul Kussiel Padover, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=E10EAQAAIAAJ The letters of Karl Marx]'' (Prentice-Hall, 1979) ISBN 0135315336, p. 306. (The text of this  letter is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> He even called his doctor a Jew for pressing him for payment.<ref>Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 424-425</ref>

More important, Marx did not limit his disparagement of Jews to his public writing and his creditors, but extended it to Jews in general. "His private letters are replete with anti-Semitic remarks, caricatures, and crude epithets," writes Marx's biographer, Saul K. Padover: "'Levy's Jewish nose,' 'usurers,' 'Jew-boy,' 'nigger-Jew,' etc."<ref>Saul Kussiel Padover, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Aw8YAAAAIAAJ Karl Marx, an intimate biography] (McGraw-Hill, 1978) ISBN 0070480729, p. 171</ref> Marx "sprayed anti-Semitic insults at his enemies with savage glee," writes Francis Wheen:<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 55</ref> "The Jew [Heymann] Steinthal, with the bland smile"; "that pig... is a Jew by the name of Meier"; he called the journalist Max Friedländer "the cursed Jew of Vienna," French Minister of Finance Achille Fould a "stock-exchange Jew,"  and Joseph Süß Oppenheimer "the Jew Süß of Egypt." He once referred to a woman who, he wrote, "swamped me with her benevolence" as "the most ugly creature I ever saw in my life, a nastily Jewish physiognomy."<ref>Marx to Nanette Philips, March 24, 1861, reprinted in [http://books.google.com/books?id=UQgiaY9f6Q4C Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe, Volume 11] (Akademie Verlag, 2005) ISBN 3050041803, p. 404. (The text of this letter to his cousin is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> On another occasion he refers to a Jewish man as "a cunning-looking Jew-boy."<ref>Marx to Engels, August 21, 1875, reprinted in Saul Kussiel Padover, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=E10EAQAAIAAJ The letters of Karl Marx]'' (Prentice-Hall, 1979) ISBN 0135315336, p. 306. (The text of this  letter is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> He even called his doctor a Jew for pressing him for payment.<ref>Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 424-425</ref>

Nor did Marx's merely disdain Jews, but Judaism itself: "the Israelite faith is repugnant to me," he wrote.<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uqbaAAAAMAAJ Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky]'' (Harrap, 1976) ISBN 0245527850, p. 30. The Marxists Internet Archive bowdlerizes this to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_03_13.htm I dislike the Jewish faith]," but the word Marx used&mdash;''widerlich''&mdash;is generally translated as [http://translate.google.com/#de|en|widerlich disgusting], [http://www.dict.cc/deutsch-englisch/widerlich.html foul], [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/german-english/widerlich abominable], etc.</ref> He wrote to Engels from Ramsgate: "Many Jews and bedbugs hereabouts."<ref>Sigmund Krancberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cmspK8ine2QC A Soviet postmortem: philosophical roots of the "Grand Failure"]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994) ISBN 0847679284, p. 59, n. 13. (The text of this August 25, 1879 letter to Engels is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1879/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> In thus lumping Jews together with parasites, Marx prefigured a trope that would later figure prominently in the writing of the [[Nazi]]s.<ref> E.g., "...that parasitic nation which, particularly at the present time preys upon the honest portion of mankind; I mean the Jews." Adolph Hitler (tr. James Murphy), [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band] (Bottom of the Hill, 1938), p. 138; "Antisemitism is exactly the same as delousing. Getting rid of lice is not a question of ideology. It is a matter of cleanliness. In just the same way, antisemitism, for us, has not been a question of ideology, but a matter of cleanliness, which now will soon have been dealt with. We shall soon be deloused. We have only 20,000 lice left, and then the matter is finished within the whole of Germany." Heinrich Himmler, quoted in Hugh Raffles, "[http://publicculture.org/articles/view/19/3/jews-lice-and-history/ Jews, Lice, and History]," ''Public Culture'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (Fall 2007), pp. 521-566</ref>

Nor did Marx merely disdain Jews, but Judaism itself: "the Israelite faith is repugnant to me," he wrote.<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uqbaAAAAMAAJ Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky]'' (Harrap, 1976) ISBN 0245527850, p. 30. The Marxists Internet Archive bowdlerizes this to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_03_13.htm I dislike the Jewish faith]," but the word Marx used&mdash;''widerlich''&mdash;is generally translated as [http://translate.google.com/#de|en|widerlich disgusting], [http://www.dict.cc/deutsch-englisch/widerlich.html foul], [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/german-english/widerlich abominable], etc.</ref> He wrote to Engels from Ramsgate: "Many Jews and bedbugs hereabouts."<ref>Sigmund Krancberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cmspK8ine2QC A Soviet postmortem: philosophical roots of the "Grand Failure"]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994) ISBN 0847679284, p. 59, n. 13. (The text of this August 25, 1879 letter to Engels is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1879/letters/index.htm missing] from the Marxists Internet Archive.)</ref> In thus lumping Jews together with parasites, Marx prefigured a trope that would later figure prominently in the writing of the [[Nazi]]s.<ref> E.g., "...that parasitic nation which, particularly at the present time preys upon the honest portion of mankind; I mean the Jews." Adolph Hitler (tr. James Murphy), [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band] (Bottom of the Hill, 1938), p. 138; "Antisemitism is exactly the same as delousing. Getting rid of lice is not a question of ideology. It is a matter of cleanliness. In just the same way, antisemitism, for us, has not been a question of ideology, but a matter of cleanliness, which now will soon have been dealt with. We shall soon be deloused. We have only 20,000 lice left, and then the matter is finished within the whole of Germany." Heinrich Himmler, quoted in Hugh Raffles, "[http://publicculture.org/articles/view/19/3/jews-lice-and-history/ Jews, Lice, and History]," ''Public Culture'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (Fall 2007), pp. 521-566</ref>

In ''On the Jewish Question'' itself, writes Dennis K. Fischman, assistant professor of social science at Boston University, "Marx seems fairly to bristle with anti-Jewish sentiments."<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> The views Marx expressed in that essay "were part of the classic repertoire of anti-Semitism," according to Gertrude Himmelfarb, professor of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.<ref>Gertrude Himmelfarb, “[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the--ldquo-real-rdquo--marx-6980 The 'Real' Marx],” ''Commentary'', April 1985</ref> It is “almost a classic anti-Semitic tract,” agrees Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, "[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marxism-vs--the-jews-6827 Marxism vs. the Jews]," ''Commentary'', April 1984</ref> It is "without any question an anti-Semitic tract," admits even Kovel, former [http://www.joelkovel.com/joelkovel.html Alger Hiss Professor] of Social Studies at Bard College.<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Indeed, concurs Lewis, it has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda.” <ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> This essay was "reprinted, widely quoted, and praised," adds Himmelfarb, "and became the exemplar of a classic genre of socialist anti-Semitism."<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marx-14979 Reader Letters: Marx], ''Commentary'', August 1985</ref>

In ''On the Jewish Question'' itself, writes Dennis K. Fischman, assistant professor of social science at Boston University, "Marx seems fairly to bristle with anti-Jewish sentiments."<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> The views Marx expressed in that essay "were part of the classic repertoire of anti-Semitism," according to Gertrude Himmelfarb, professor of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.<ref>Gertrude Himmelfarb, “[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the--ldquo-real-rdquo--marx-6980 The 'Real' Marx],” ''Commentary'', April 1985</ref> It is “almost a classic anti-Semitic tract,” agrees Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, "[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marxism-vs--the-jews-6827 Marxism vs. the Jews]," ''Commentary'', April 1984</ref> It is "without any question an anti-Semitic tract," admits even Kovel, former [http://www.joelkovel.com/joelkovel.html Alger Hiss Professor] of Social Studies at Bard College.<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Indeed, concurs Lewis, it has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda.” <ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> This essay was "reprinted, widely quoted, and praised," adds Himmelfarb, "and became the exemplar of a classic genre of socialist anti-Semitism."<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marx-14979 Reader Letters: Marx], ''Commentary'', August 1985</ref>