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Line 67: − + − There are five species of dipper, with up to 37 subspecies<ref>http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Animalia/Cinclus_Genus.asp</ref>+ − *American dipper, ''Cinclus mexicanus'' − *Brown dipper, ''Cinclus pallasii'' − *European dipper, ''Cinclus cinclus'' − *Rufous-throated dipper, ''Cinclus schulzi'' − *White-capped dipper, ''Cinclus leucocephalus''
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The name "dipper" comes from their observed habit of feeding. They completely dip their heads in water many times a minute, a bobbing motion which also continues while above water when looking for food. They also completely submerse themselves under water, using their long legs to walk across the stream bed; they also use their wings as a swimming aid. Food consists of aquatic insects and insect larvae, flying insects, and small crustaceans. Small fish, tadpoles, and worms are sometimes taken, but consist of a small overall proportion of their diet.
The name "dipper" comes from their observed habit of feeding. They completely dip their heads in water many times a minute, a bobbing motion which also continues while above water when looking for food. They also completely submerse themselves under water, using their long legs to walk across the stream bed; they also use their wings as a swimming aid. Food consists of aquatic insects and insect larvae, flying insects, and small crustaceans. Small fish, tadpoles, and worms are sometimes taken, but consist of a small overall proportion of their diet.
The species in Europe and North America are also known by the name "water ouzel", based upon an Old English word for the [[European blackbird]] (''Turdus merula'')<ref>http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/ouzel</ref><ref>http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/ouzel</ref>.
===Species===
There are five species of dipper, with up to 37 subspecies<ref>http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Animalia/Cinclus_Genus.asp</ref>
*[[American dipper]], ''Cinclus mexicanus''
*[[Brown dipper]], ''Cinclus pallasii''
*[[European dipper]], ''Cinclus cinclus''
*[[Rufous-throated dipper]], ''Cinclus schulzi''
*[[White-capped dipper]], ''Cinclus leucocephalus''
==Habitat==
==Habitat==
Inside the nest 4 to 5 eggs are laid, with an incubation period of 17 days. The young are fed by both parents for up to 26 days. Although monogamous, dippers will lead solitary lives when the nesting period is over.
Inside the nest 4 to 5 eggs are laid, with an incubation period of 17 days. The young are fed by both parents for up to 26 days. Although monogamous, dippers will lead solitary lives when the nesting period is over.
==Species==
==Threats==
Wild cats, hawks, and owls occasionally kill dippers for food, but man is the chief threat due to pollution cast into streams and alteration of habitat, such as the construction of dams which can restrict the flow of swift-moving water. At this time four dipper species are listed in the IUCN Red List are categorized as "least concern"; the exception is ''C. schulzi'', where it is listed as vulnerable<ref>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22708169/0</ref> due to increased development in Bolivia and Argentina.
==References==
==References==