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'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]].  Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]].  Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939. Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

== Religious studies==

== Religious studies==

Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy.  As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006).  Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy.  As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006).  Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are:

*''talk therapy'' (simply talking through problems),  

*''free association'' (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and  

*''transference'' (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other ''talk therapies''.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

On the other hand, Freud's debunkers declare his "cures" to be the product of [[wishful thinking]] and ''conscious fudging'' as well as to suffer from usage of [[circular logic]]. Peter D. Kramer, a psychiatrist and author of a biography of Freud maintains that every particular of Freudian psychology such as the universality of the Oedipus complex, penis envy, and infantile sexuality, is wrong. Even Freud's most orthodox adherents do not defend his entire body of work in all its details.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freud in Our Midst |author=Jerry Adler |publisher=newsweek.com |date=March 26, 2006 7:00 PM |url=http://www.newsweek.com/freud-our-midst-106495 |accessdate=December 25, 2013 |quote=}}</ref> 

==World War II==

==World War II==