Changes

At Caltech, Oppenheimer had befriended the "long-serving [[USSR|Soviet]] tool"<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=23794 Communists and Islamic Extremists - Then and Now]," FrontPageMagazine.com, July 8, 2002. A 1951 investigation by HUAC, then chaired by Democrat John Stephens Wood, concluded that Pauling was "primarily engrossed in placing his scientific attainments at the service of a host of organizations which have in common their complete subservience to the Communist Party, USA, and the Soviet Union. Professor Pauling has not deviated a hair's breadth from this pattern of loyalty to the Communist cause since 1946." (House Committee on Un-American Activities, ''[http://ia700404.us.archive.org/14/items/reportoncommunis00unit/reportoncommunis00unit_bw.pdf Report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, the Attempt to Disarm and Defeat America]'' [Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951], p. 86) In 1970, the Soviet government would reward Pauling for his long service [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/1970n.13.html with the Lenin prize].</ref> Linus Pauling, and wrote him poems Pauling found "troubling," which included allusions to pederasty. Pauling broke off the friendship after Oppenheimer made a pass at his wife, Ava Helen Pauling, who told her husband, "I think he was in love with you."<ref>Thomas Hager, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FNXaAAAAMAAJ Force of nature: the life of Linus Pauling]'' (Simon & Schuster, 1995) ISBN 0684809095, pp. 150-152</ref> At Berkeley, rumors circulated of an affair between Oppenheimer and a homosexual student who lived with him,<ref>Silvan S. Schweber, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pBNpeh2BaG4C In the shadow of the bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the moral responsibility of the scientist]'' (Princeton University Press, 2000) ISBN 0691049890, p. 203, n. 69. Oppenheimer's colleague Abrahaim Pais wrote that "I was convinced that strong latent homosexuality was an important ingredient in Robert's emotional makeup." (Abraham Pais, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XrYrAAAAYAAJ A tale of two continents: a physicist's life in a turbulent world]'' [Oxford University Press, 1997] ISBN 0198501994, p. 241) One biographer comments, "it seems fairly likely that sexual ambivalence was one aspect of Oppenheimer's youthful problems of identity." Charles Thorpe, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BWek8zJ-U7IC Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0226798453, p. 51</ref> but in 1936 he began an affair with Jean Tatlock, a medical student at Stanford<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 236</ref> and daughter of Oppenheimer's fellow Berkeley professor John S.P. Tatlock,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 109</ref> a contributor to ''[[Nation (magazine)|The Nation]]''.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/john-s-p-tatlock Author Bios: John S.P. Tatlock, thenation.com]</ref>

At Caltech, Oppenheimer had befriended the "long-serving [[USSR|Soviet]] tool"<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=23794 Communists and Islamic Extremists - Then and Now]," FrontPageMagazine.com, July 8, 2002. A 1951 investigation by HUAC, then chaired by Democrat John Stephens Wood, concluded that Pauling was "primarily engrossed in placing his scientific attainments at the service of a host of organizations which have in common their complete subservience to the Communist Party, USA, and the Soviet Union. Professor Pauling has not deviated a hair's breadth from this pattern of loyalty to the Communist cause since 1946." (House Committee on Un-American Activities, ''[http://ia700404.us.archive.org/14/items/reportoncommunis00unit/reportoncommunis00unit_bw.pdf Report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, the Attempt to Disarm and Defeat America]'' [Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951], p. 86) In 1970, the Soviet government would reward Pauling for his long service [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/1970n.13.html with the Lenin prize].</ref> Linus Pauling, and wrote him poems Pauling found "troubling," which included allusions to pederasty. Pauling broke off the friendship after Oppenheimer made a pass at his wife, Ava Helen Pauling, who told her husband, "I think he was in love with you."<ref>Thomas Hager, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FNXaAAAAMAAJ Force of nature: the life of Linus Pauling]'' (Simon & Schuster, 1995) ISBN 0684809095, pp. 150-152</ref> At Berkeley, rumors circulated of an affair between Oppenheimer and a homosexual student who lived with him,<ref>Silvan S. Schweber, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pBNpeh2BaG4C In the shadow of the bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the moral responsibility of the scientist]'' (Princeton University Press, 2000) ISBN 0691049890, p. 203, n. 69. Oppenheimer's colleague Abrahaim Pais wrote that "I was convinced that strong latent homosexuality was an important ingredient in Robert's emotional makeup." (Abraham Pais, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XrYrAAAAYAAJ A tale of two continents: a physicist's life in a turbulent world]'' [Oxford University Press, 1997] ISBN 0198501994, p. 241) One biographer comments, "it seems fairly likely that sexual ambivalence was one aspect of Oppenheimer's youthful problems of identity." Charles Thorpe, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BWek8zJ-U7IC Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0226798453, p. 51</ref> but in 1936 he began an affair with Jean Tatlock, a medical student at Stanford<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 236</ref> and daughter of Oppenheimer's fellow Berkeley professor John S.P. Tatlock,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 109</ref> a contributor to ''[[Nation (magazine)|The Nation]]''.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/john-s-p-tatlock Author Bios: John S.P. Tatlock, thenation.com]</ref>

Oppenheimer's mistress Tatlock was a [[Communist]].<ref>[[#refPK06|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 36</ref> In 1939, Oppenheimer began an affair with another Communist,<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 122. Cf. [[#refHB2000|Romerstein, Breindel 2000]]: 270</ref> the German-born [http://foia.fbi.gov/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Katherine "Kitty" Puening Dallet Harrison], [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/alba_032/bioghist.html widow of Communist political commissar Joe Dallet], killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Hoover to Lansdale], May 23, 1944 (FBI file: Katherine Oppenheimer, PDF p. 2)</ref> (perhaps by his Soviet superiors, or fragged by his own men, according to various rumors).<ref>William Herrick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vKWZ9Vo69GwC Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical]'' (AK Press, 2001) ISBN 1902593421, p. 347</ref> After moving in with Oppenheimer and becoming pregnant,<ref>David Cassidy, ''J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century'' (Pi Press: 2004) ISBN 0-13-147996-2, pp. 186-187</ref> Kitty abandoned her third husband,<ref>Richard Rhodes, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/books/review/15RHODESL.html Nuclear Options]," ''The New York Times'', May 15, 2005</ref> a cancer researcher at Caltech,<ref>[[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 214</ref> to marry Oppenheimer in 1940, though he continued his affair with Tatlock until at least June 1943. (In January 1944, Tatlock would be found drowned in her bathtub, in circumstances termed "suspicious.")<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 232, 253. Some writers suspect Soviet involvement in Tatlock's death. Stephen Schwartz mentions "Khyron" -- the Cyrillic transliteration of Chyron, ferryman of the dead in ancient Greek mythology (Stephen Schwartz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PvoUAAAAYAAJ From West To East: California and the Making of the American Mind]'' (Free Press, 1998) ISBN 0684831341, p. 380. Cf. Cornell Simpson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/death-James-Forrestal-Cornell-Simpson/dp/B0006BOU86 The Death of James Forrestal]'' (Western Islands, 1966) ASIN B0006BOU86) -- which was also [[Grigory Kheifets|Kheifets]]' [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-San%20Francisco-KGB.pdf code name].</ref> During the war, while married to Kitty, Oppenheimer began an affair with another married woman, Ruth Tolman, the wife of Caltech physicist Richard Tolman, whom Oppenheimer testified was "a very close and dear friend of mine."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 363</ref> The affair "devastated Richard Tolman,"<ref>C. Mott Woolley, "[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE10Aa02.html The tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer]," ''Asia Times'', May 10, 2006</ref> who died, according to [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence.html Nobel Prize-winning] physicist Ernest Lawrence, "of a broken heart."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 365</ref> Kitty took to drinking.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 407-409</ref>

Oppenheimer's mistress Tatlock was a [[Communist]].<ref>[[#refPK06|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 36</ref> In 1939, Oppenheimer began an affair with another Communist,<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 122. Cf. [[#refHB2000|Romerstein, Breindel 2000]]: 270</ref> the German-born [http://foia.fbi.gov/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Katherine "Kitty" Puening Dallet Harrison], [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/alba_032/bioghist.html widow of Communist political commissar Joe Dallet], killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Hoover to Lansdale], May 23, 1944 (FBI file: Katherine Oppenheimer, PDF p. 2)</ref> (perhaps by his Soviet superiors, or fragged by his own men, according to various rumors).<ref>William Herrick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vKWZ9Vo69GwC Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical]'' (AK Press, 2001) ISBN 1902593421, p. 237</ref> After moving in with Oppenheimer and becoming pregnant,<ref>David Cassidy, ''J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century'' (Pi Press: 2004) ISBN 0-13-147996-2, pp. 186-187</ref> Kitty abandoned her third husband,<ref>Richard Rhodes, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/books/review/15RHODESL.html Nuclear Options]," ''The New York Times'', May 15, 2005</ref> a cancer researcher at Caltech,<ref>[[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 214</ref> to marry Oppenheimer in 1940, though he continued his affair with Tatlock until at least June 1943. (In January 1944, Tatlock would be found drowned in her bathtub, in circumstances termed "suspicious.")<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 232, 253. Some writers suspect Soviet involvement in Tatlock's death. Stephen Schwartz mentions "Khyron" -- the Cyrillic transliteration of Chyron, ferryman of the dead in ancient Greek mythology (Stephen Schwartz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PvoUAAAAYAAJ From West To East: California and the Making of the American Mind]'' (Free Press, 1998) ISBN 0684831341, p. 380. Cf. Cornell Simpson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/death-James-Forrestal-Cornell-Simpson/dp/B0006BOU86 The Death of James Forrestal]'' (Western Islands, 1966) ASIN B0006BOU86) -- which was also [[Grigory Kheifets|Kheifets]]' [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-San%20Francisco-KGB.pdf code name].</ref> During the war, while married to Kitty, Oppenheimer began an affair with another married woman, Ruth Tolman, the wife of Caltech physicist Richard Tolman, whom Oppenheimer testified was "a very close and dear friend of mine."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 363</ref> The affair "devastated Richard Tolman,"<ref>C. Mott Woolley, "[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE10Aa02.html The tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer]," ''Asia Times'', May 10, 2006</ref> who died, according to [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence.html Nobel Prize-winning] physicist Ernest Lawrence, "of a broken heart."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 365</ref> Kitty took to drinking.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 407-409</ref>

Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>

Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>