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Line 1: − [[Image:Hello kitty camera.jpg|thumb|Hello kitty camera.]]+ − − Louis Daguerre invented a rudimentary imaging device in France, in 1839. The images, known as "daguerrotypes," were directly made onto metal slides covered with photo-reactive material. As a result, no photo negatives were required. Daguerrotypes required long exposures, so were not practical for many applications.+ − + − The camera as we know it today was invented by [[George Eastman]] in 1880. Eastman's first camera used the "dry plate" method, which involved the manipulation of heavy glass slides coated with photochemically reactive [[silver nitrate]] in a gelatine matrix. In 1885 Eastman introduced photographic film as we know it today. Eastman founded the [[Eastman Kodak Company]] in 1888, the same year he patented the brand name [[Kodak]]for his particular style of hand-held camera. ("Kodak", meaning a type of camera, should not be confused with [[Kodiak]], a species of [[bear]].) Kodak would go on to become the world's largest producer of photographic film.+ − + − + − ==Design==+ − Modern cameras work on the particle theory of light. As particles (or "[[photon]]s") of light enter the [[lens]] of the camera, they strike the coating on the film and cause it to change color. As in the [[retina]] of the [[Irreducible Complexity|human eye]], the resulting image is upside-down, backwards, and in [[false color]]. It is also much smaller than the actual image in front of the camera. All of these apparent problems are resolved by the [[photographic development]] process, which in Kodak's day took place in a [[darkroom]], but these days can all be done inside the camera itself. − + − In a 2001 [[television]] [[documentary]] titled ''Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters'', the artist [[David Hockney]] argued that the so-called [[Old Masters]] of [[Renaissance]] art had invented the camera years before Eastman Kodak in 1880. Hockney demonstrated how a "camera obscura", or "dark chamber", could theoretically have produced images such as the [[Arnolfini Marriage]] and the [[Mona Lisa]]. However, most experts agree that there is little to no evidence to support Hockney's theory, placing the camera obscura in the same fantastic realm as Da Vinci's helicopter or [[Fibonacci]]'s tower to the moon. Lacking evidence for Hockney's Renaissance theory, the photographic camera remains a uniquely American invention. + + + − *[[World Famous Pictures]]+ +
re-doing this article
A '''camera''' is a device used to capture still or moving images focused by a lens and preserving those images on light-sensitive film, video tape, or in digital format.
A '''camera''' is a machine used by [[photographer]]s to take [[picture]]s. Before the invention of the camera, there was no way to accurately capture the image of a living thing on paper, although several [[scientist]]s had tried unsuccessfully to produce such a device.
==History==
==History==
Arguably the first camera of any kind is the ''camera obscura'', a Latin term meaning "dark chamber". In its original form the ''camera obscura'' was either a room or a box; a pin hole on one side allowed light to enter, and the laws of optics would transmit the image of whatever was outside to the interior, where it would be projected in true color on the opposite wall, albeit upside-down. About 400 B.C. a Chinese philosopher named Mo-Ti made the first mention of the ''camera obscura'' in history<ref>http://www.obscurajournal.com/history.php</ref>. This was followed by unrelated experiments done by [[Aristotle]] (Greece, 384-322 BC) and Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (Egypt, c.965 - 1039), who both recognized the optical qualities of the device; by 1544 Dutch scientist Reinerus Gemma-Frisius safely used it to observe a solar eclipse<ref>http://brightbytes.com/cosite/what.html</ref>. A convex lens was first placed on the opening about 1644, at which point it became a drawing aid for artists and an astronomical device, in addition to its attraction as a public curiosity which lasted to the end of the 19th century.
[[Image:Daguerre 1.jpg|thumb|Daguerreotype, ca. 1838.]]
[[Image:Daguerre 1.jpg|right||200px|thumb|Oldest Daguerreotype image, ca. 1838.]]
It was the small, portable box ''camera obscuras'' that were popular on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean which led to the creation of the first true camera. In 1827 Joseph Nicephore Niepce of France experimented with bitumen-coated metal plates to produce the first photographic images. Long exposure times (some eight hours in length) as well as the unreliability of the process led to a partnership with Louis Daguerre, who by 1839 was able to create much-shorter exposure times as well as replace the metal plate with light-sensitive coated glass, which was removable from the camera frame and replaced with another, speeding up the process. The ''daguerreotype'' was born, ushering the age of modern photography.
In 1937, [[Ed Land]] founded the [[Polaroid]] Corporation (perhaps hoping to ride some of the Kodak's popularity by continuing the tongue-in-cheek tradition of naming cameras after bears). The Polaroid camera was fundamentally different from the Kodak in its design. For one thing, it used real paper to print the photos immediately as they were taken; and for another, it was marketed to young teenagers and their parents as opposed to professional photographers. Land hoped to win a larger market segment with his inexpensive "instant gratification" camera. Indeed, many older people today have fond memories of their family Polaroid.
In 1888 [[George Eastman]] would take the young field of photography to the next level. Founder of the [[Eastman Kodak Company]] and inventor of celluloid roll film, he introduced the "Brownie" in 1900, a small box anyone could buy for a dollar, and which came preloaded with enough film for one hundred shots. Agreeing that these new novice photographers would be more interested in taking pictures of everyday life rather than worry about the technicalities of developing the film, the "Brownie" was made to be sent in to the factory after the picture-taking was complete; the developed and printed photos, as well as a fresh roll of film in the camera, were sent back to the customer. "Brownie" sales would skyrocket, and Kodak would go on to become the world's largest producer of photographic film.
The era of the hand-held camera didn't last long, though. By 2000, the first digital camera phones were appearing, and today many camera-makers — Polaroid among them — have declared bankruptcy.
The next step would take place in 1937, when [[Ed Land]] founded the [[Polaroid]] Corporation. Fundamentally different from the Kodak in its design, the Polaroid was made to use the new "instant film" of Land's invention, which was photographic paper drawn between two steel rollers that ruptured a small pod of developing chemicals immediately following the shot and prior to the ejection of the print from the camera; the amount of time from the snapping of the shutter to enjoying a new photograph was less than four minutes. Marketed to young teenagers and their parents as opposed to professional photographers, Land oversaw his Polaroids taking a large market segment away from Kodak.
The era of the hand-held camera didn't last long, though. In the mid-1990s the first digital cameras had appeared. Dispensing of film entirely, these new cameras were convenient, able to be plugged into a computer, and by 2000 were being attached to cell phones. Partially because of this many camera-makers - Polaroid and Kodak among them - have declared bankruptcy.
==Controversy==
==Types of cameras==
[[Image:Hello kitty camera.jpg|thumb|Hello kitty camera.]]
== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[World Famous Pictures]]
==References==
<small><references/></small>
[[Category:Inventions]]
[[Category:Inventions]]
[[Category:Photography]]
[[Category:Photography]]