Changes

===Effects of climate on longevity===

===Effects of climate on longevity===

Bed bugs are remarkably resistant in almost every sense of the word, and are comfortable within all but the extremes of most inhabitable climates. They have a wide humidity tolerance range but tolerate dry climates better than humid. They can adapt to a wide range of temperatures, and  remain active in a temperature as low as 44°F, as long as they are held at an intermediate temperature for a few hours first.  Bed bugs have evidenced that can survive freezing temperatures (32°F) for days and tolerate much lower temperatures (5°F) for short periods.<ref> http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf</ref> <ref>[http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/TG44/TG44.pdf Armed Forces Pest Management Board, TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 44, ''Bed Bugs - Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies,''] p. 9</ref> Bed bugs of all stages of maturity can survive at least 5 days at  14°F, but all stages die after exposure to -26°F for 15 minutes.   The upper lethal temperature for nymphs and adults is 113°F and 115°F for eggs.<ref>http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf</ref>

Bed bugs are remarkably resistant in almost every sense of the word, and are comfortable within all but the extremes of most inhabitable climates. They have a wide humidity tolerance range but tolerate dry climates better than humid. They can adapt to a wide range of temperatures, and  remain active in a temperature as low as 44°F, as long as they are held at an intermediate temperature for a few hours first.  Bed bugs have evidenced that can survive freezing temperatures (32°F) for days and tolerate much lower temperatures (5°F) for short periods.<ref> http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf</ref> <ref>[http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/tims/TG44/TG44.pdf Armed Forces Pest Management Board, TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 44, ''Bed Bugs - Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies,''] p. 9</ref> The upper lethal temperature for nymphs and adults is  113°F and 115°F for eggs, while on the other end bed bugs of all stages of maturity can survive at least 5 days at  14°F, but all stages die after exposure to -26°F for 15 minutes,<ref>http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf</ref> or 3.5 days at  -5°F  or two days  at  -4°F (-20 degrees Celsius) As with many other insects, bed bugs are able to protect themselves from freeze injury by lowering the freezing point of their body fluids.<ref>http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-12/esoa-bbc120513.php</ref> The quicker temperature change occurs the more readily thermal death occurs.

==Health issues==

==Health issues==