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In reality, lobbyists spend most of their efforts providing information on specific legislation, pro or con (such as the [[conservative]] [[NRA]]'s [[Second Amendment]] [[gun rights]] versus the [[liberal]] [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns]]'s [[gun control]]), and letting the "information" sway the legislator. Often they testify before committees in open hearings.  On controversial issues there may be two or more) teams of opposing lobbyists.<ref> Thomas T. Holyoke, "Interest Group Competition and Cooperation at Legislative Hearings," ''Congress & the Presidency'' 2008 35(2): 17-38, </ref>  

In reality, lobbyists spend most of their efforts providing information on specific legislation, pro or con (such as the [[conservative]] [[NRA]]'s [[Second Amendment]] [[gun rights]] versus the [[liberal]] [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns]]'s [[gun control]]), and letting the "information" sway the legislator. Often they testify before committees in open hearings.  On controversial issues there may be two or more) teams of opposing lobbyists.<ref> Thomas T. Holyoke, "Interest Group Competition and Cooperation at Legislative Hearings," ''Congress & the Presidency'' 2008 35(2): 17-38, </ref>  

==Famous lobbies==

==Famous lobbies==

Before the [[Civil War]], the Christian lobby called for the [[abolitionist|abolition]] of [[slavery]].  It was politically weak and the target of ridicule before the Civil War, when it suddenly became powerful and won its case.  Many continued to lobby on behalf of the Freedmen during [[Reconstruction]]. After 1870 Protestant lobbyists formed working partnerships with Southern [[Democrat]]s (who had a base of Protestant support), along with many [[Republican]]s who represented pietistic<ref>"Pietism, German Pietismus, influential religious reform movement that began among [[German]] Lutherans in the 17th century. It emphasized personal [[faith]] against the main Lutheran church’s perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living. Pietism quickly spread and later became concerned with social and educational matters. As a phenomenon of personal religious renewal, its indirect influence has persisted in Germany and other parts of Europe into the 21st century." [[Fair use]] Pietism, [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459967/Pietism</ref> [[Protestant]] districts in the North.  The [[lobbyist]]s (and the groups they represented), pushed through [[Congress]] effective federal policies against polygamy, laws banning obscenity and prizefight films from [[interstate commerce]] and the mails, and (especially in the states) laws to restrict prostitution, sex with underage girls, and easy divorce.  They tried not only to put [[Separation of church and state|God]] in the Constitution]] but also, through persuasion and [[legislation]], to control drinking, obesity, divorce, Sabbath observance, gambling, [[smoking]], prize fighting, prostitution, and sex with underage girls.  Most significantly, they fought for [[prohibition]] -- and under professional leadership of the [[Anti-Saloon League]], finally won. Famous leaders included [[Frances Willard]] of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Wayne Wheeler of the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and anti-pornography campaigner [[Anthony Comstock]], whose laws against obscenity remain the law of the land.  Proposed [[constitutional amendment]]s regulating divorce and declaring the United States a Christian nation never reached the floor of Congress. Neither did the proposal for federal censorship of movies.<ref> Foster (2002)</ref>  

Before the [[Civil War]], the Christian lobby called for the [[abolitionist|abolition]] of [[slavery]].  It was politically weak and the target of ridicule before the Civil War, when it suddenly became powerful and won its case.  Many continued to lobby on behalf of the Freedmen during [[Reconstruction]]. After 1870 Protestant lobbyists formed working partnerships with Southern [[Democrat]]s (who had a base of Protestant support), along with many [[Republican]]s who represented pietistic<ref>"Pietism, German Pietismus, influential religious reform movement that began among [[German]] Lutherans in the 17th century. It emphasized personal [[faith]] against the main Lutheran church’s perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living. Pietism quickly spread and later became concerned with social and educational matters. As a phenomenon of personal religious renewal, its indirect influence has persisted in Germany and other parts of Europe into the 21st century." [[Fair use]] Pietism, [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459967/Pietism</ref> [[Protestant]] districts in the North.  The [[lobbyist]]s (and the groups they represented), pushed through [[Congress]] effective federal policies against polygamy, laws banning obscenity and prizefight films from [[interstate commerce]] and the mails, and (especially in the states) laws to restrict prostitution, sex with underage girls, and easy divorce.  They tried not only to put [[Separation of church and state|God]] in the Constitution]] but also, through persuasion and [[legislation]], to control drinking, obesity, divorce, Sabbath observance, gambling, [[smoking]], prize fighting, prostitution, and sex with underage girls.  Most significantly, they fought for [[prohibition]] -- and under professional leadership of the Anti-Saloon League, finally won. Famous leaders included Frances Willard of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Wayne Wheeler of the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and anti-pornography campaigner Anthony Comstock, whose laws against obscenity remain the law of the land.  Proposed [[constitutional amendment]]s regulating divorce and declaring the United States a Christian nation never reached the floor of Congress. Neither did the proposal for federal censorship of movies.<ref> Foster (2002)</ref>  

The woman suffragists tried lobbying as well, but found their best success when they appealed to male voters at election time.   

The woman [[suffragist]]s tried lobbying as well, but found their best success when they appealed to male voters at election time.   

The Israel Lobby refers to a coalition of Fundamentalist Protestants and major [[Jewish]] organizations. The lobby has strongly promoted American policies in the Middle East that are pro-[[Israel]].<ref>David Howard Goldberg, ''Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel'' (1990) [http://www.questia.com/read/27498528?title=Foreign%20Policy%20and%20Ethnic%20Interest%20Groups%3a%20American%20and%20Canadian%20Jews%20Lobby%20for%20Israel online edition]</ref>

 

The Israel Lobby refers to a coalition of Fundamentalist Protestants and major [[Jewish]] organizations. The lobby has strongly promoted American policies in the [[Middle East]] that are pro-[[Israel]].<ref>David Howard Goldberg, ''Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel'' (1990) [http://www.questia.com/read/27498528?title=Foreign%20Policy%20and%20Ethnic%20Interest%20Groups%3a%20American%20and%20Canadian%20Jews%20Lobby%20for%20Israel online edition]</ref>

==Scandals==

==Scandals==

Bribery has always been illegal and hints of bribery destroy the effectiveness of a lobbyist--and seriously hurt major politicians such as [[James G. Blaine]]. [[Image:84tattoo.jpg|thumb|450px|the famous "tattoed man" cartoon, with Blaine covered by indelible scandals connected to lobbyists; ''Puck'' June 4, 1884 cartoon by Bernhard Gillam]]

[[Bribery]] has always been illegal and hints of bribery destroy the effectiveness of a lobbyist -- and seriously hurt major [[politician]]s such as [[James G. Blaine]]. [[Image:84tattoo.jpg|thumb|450px|the famous "tattoed man" cartoon, with Blaine covered by indelible scandals connected to lobbyists; ''Puck'' June 4, 1884 cartoon by Bernhard Gillam]]

Lobbyist Jack Abramoff in the early 21st century went to prison for his extreme lobbying, especially on behalf of Indian casinos. He dragged down numerous allies.

Lobbyist [[Jack Abramoff]] in the early 21st century went to prison for his extreme lobbying, especially on behalf of [[American Indian]] casinos. He dragged down numerous allies.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Foster, Gaines M. ''Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865-1920'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5002583859 online edition]

* Foster, Gaines M. ''Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865-1920'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5002583859 online edition]

* Hansen, John M. ''Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919–1981'' (1991);

* Hansen, John M. ''Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919–1981'' (1991);

* Loomis, Christopher M. "The Politics of Uncertainty: Lobbyists and Propaganda in Early Twentieth-Century America," ''Journal of Policy History'' Volume 21, Number 2, 2009  in [[Project MUSE]]

* Loomis, Christopher M. "The Politics of Uncertainty: Lobbyists and [[Propaganda]] in Early Twentieth-Century America," ''Journal of Policy History'' Volume 21, Number 2, 2009  in [[Project MUSE]]

* Thompson, Margaret S. ''The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant'' (1985) on 1870s

* Thompson, Margaret S. ''The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant'' (1985) on 1870s

* Tichenor, Daniel J.  and Richard A. Harris, “Organized Interests and American Political Development,” Political Science Quarterly 117 (Winter 2002–3): 587–612 [http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/burstein/Tichenor_Organized_Interests.pdf online]

* Tichenor, Daniel J.  and Richard A. Harris, “Organized Interests and American Political Development,” Political Science Quarterly 117 (Winter 2002–3): 587–612 [http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/burstein/Tichenor_Organized_Interests.pdf online]

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== See Also ==

 

==References==

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