Changes

The conflict in Bosnia caused the United Nations (U.N.) to send troops, including American soldiers, into the region in 1995.  Michael G. New was an American soldier who objected to wearing United Nations insignia as part of his military uniform during a deployment to the nearby Republic of Macedonia as part of the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force.  Michael New objected to changing his allegiance from the United States to the U.N.  When Michael New enlisted in the U.S. Army in February 1993, he took an oath to defend the U.S. Constitution, not the United Nations.

The conflict in Bosnia caused the United Nations (U.N.) to send troops, including American soldiers, into the region in 1995.  Michael G. New was an American soldier who objected to wearing United Nations insignia as part of his military uniform during a deployment to the nearby Republic of Macedonia as part of the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force.  Michael New objected to changing his allegiance from the United States to the U.N.  When Michael New enlisted in the U.S. Army in February 1993, he took an oath to defend the U.S. Constitution, not the United Nations.

But on May 3, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25).  This ordered submission of American troops to multilateral peace operations.  In July, Michael New was assigned to Germany, 3rd Infantry Division, and his company was told it would be sent to Macedonia as part of a “peacekeeping” mission.  In August 1995, Michael New was informed that his unit must wear part of the U.N. uniform.  Soldier New’s position was that the order was unlawful and unconstitutional.  Specifically, U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 9 prohibits any person’s acceptance of any emolument from a foreign state without congressional consent.  New also argued that the entire deployment as part of a United Nations force was unlawful. But the military judge and courts rejected New’s arguments and held that the legality of the deployment was a "non-justiciable" political question that could not be handled by a judge, and which could only be handled by a political branch of government (such as Congress or the President).

But on May 3, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25).  This ordered submission of American troops to multilateral peace operations.  In July, Michael New was assigned to Germany, 3rd Infantry Division, and his company was told it would be sent to Macedonia as part of a “peacekeeping” mission.  In August 1995, Michael New was informed that his unit must wear part of the U.N. uniform.  Soldier New’s position was that the order was unlawful and unconstitutional.  Specifically, U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 9 prohibits any person’s acceptance of any emolument from a foreign state without congressional consent.  New also argued that the entire deployment as part of a United Nations force was unlawful. But the military judge and courts rejected New’s arguments and held that the legality of the deployment was a "non-justiciable" political question which could only be handled by a political branch of government (such as Congress or the President).

=== China ===

=== China ===

In 1978, Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao and Zhou as dictator in China.  He was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations.  He abolished communes and began leasing land to farmers who could work the land for personal profit.  He permitted private businesses and some foreign investment in special economic zones (SEZs).  He promoted tourism and sent many Chinese teenagers to the West to be educated in Western colleges.  But when Chinese students sought greater freedoms and democracy, Deng brutally suppressed them by sending tanks to Tiananmen Square to massacre hundreds of demonstrators on June 4, 1989.

In 1978, Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao and Zhou as dictator in China.  He was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations.  He abolished communes and began leasing land to farmers who could work the land for personal profit.  He permitted private businesses and some foreign investment in special economic zones (SEZs).  He promoted tourism and sent many Chinese teenagers to the West to be educated in Western colleges.  But when Chinese students sought greater freedoms and democracy, Deng brutally suppressed them by sending tanks to Tiananmen Square to massacre hundreds of demonstrators on June 4, 1989.

Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  He refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there.  Moreover, China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the United States, pointing many nuclear missiles at California.

Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng when he died in 1997.  He refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there.  Today China points many of its nuclear missiles at California.

On July 1, 1997, Great Britain’s lease on Hong Kong expired and Britain returned it to China, which promised to keep Hong Kong capitalist for 50 more years.

On July 1, 1997, Great Britain’s lease on Hong Kong expired and Britain returned it to China, which promised to keep Hong Kong capitalist for 50 more years.