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Line 863: − |- − |[[Jeremy Bentham]] − |(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom. Line 882:
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Line 968: − |- − |[[Winston Churchill]] − |[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945). − |- − |[[European Union]] − |Association of 27 states in [[Europe]]. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the [[France|French]] political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.
World History Study Guide from 1648 (view source)
Revision as of 00:32, May 23, 2014
, 00:32, May 23, 2014improved
!Term
!Term
!Definition
!Definition
|-
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33%, or approximately 2.2 billion, of the world today
|-
|-
|Age of Revolution
|Age of Revolution
|Time period during which nations rebelled against monarchy and attempted to replace them with republican/constitutional government.
|1763-1848: the time period during which nations rebelled against monarchy and attempted to replace them with republican/constitutional government.
|-
|-
|Bill of Rights in England
|Bill of Rights in England
|Proposed by Parliament and agreed to by William and Mary, this English Bill of Rights stated that the monarchy could not deny citizens the right to petition, infringe on freedom of speech in Parliament, suspend a law created by Parliament, or impose taxes without Parliament's consent.
|Proposed by Parliament and agreed to by William and Mary in the late 1600s, the English Bill of Rights stated that the monarchy could not deny citizens the right to petition, infringe on freedom of speech in Parliament, suspend a law created by Parliament, or impose taxes without Parliament's consent.
|-
|-
|Joint Sovereigns
|Joint Sovereigns
|Sovereigns who share power equally, as opposed to one person who holds all of the monarchial authority. An example is the joint sovereignty of William and Mary, who ruled England together from 1689 to 1694 (William ruled alone until 1702 after Mary died).
|Sovereigns who share power equally, as opposed to one person who holds all of the monarchial authority. An example is the joint sovereignty of William and Mary, who ruled England together from 1689 to 1694 (William ruled alone until 1702, after Mary died).
|-
|-
|Estates of France
|Estates of France
|The Estates in France were the social rankings into which its citizens were divided: First Estate - 1% of population, controlled 10% of land, clergy. Second Estate - 2% of population, controlled 20% of land, nobility. Third Estate - 97% of population, peasants/merchants/laborers.
|Prior to the start of the French Revolution in 1787, the Estates in France were the social rankings into which its citizens were divided: First Estate - 1% of population, controlled 10% of land, clergy. Second Estate - 2% of population, controlled 20% of land, nobility. Third Estate - 97% of population, peasants/merchants/laborers.
|-
|-
|Simón Bolívar
|Simón Bolívar
|Known as "el Gran Libertador," or the Great Liberator, Bolívar fought for the independence of South America, including the countries of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina. He was born in Caracas on July 24, 1783 and was educated in political philosophies in Europe during his youth. Bolívar died on December 17, 1830.
|Known as "el Gran Libertador," or the Great Liberator, Bolívar fought for the independence of South America, including the countries of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina. He was born in Caracas on July 24, 1783 and was educated in political philosophies in Europe during his youth. Bolívar died on December 17, 1830.
|-
|-
|[[Winston Churchill]]
|[[Prime Minister]] of the [[UK]] during World War II (1940-1945), and again from 1951 to 1955. A fabulous writer and inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of [[Italy]] (1943), the [[D-Day]] invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over [[Hitler]] (1945).
|-
|-
|Christian population
|[[European Union]]
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33%, or approximately 2.2 billion, of the world today
|An economic and legal partnership among 28 nations in [[Europe]]. Its roots began as a free trade area (1958), known as the Common Market, and became a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the euro. It has a common court system.
|-
|-
|Reconquista
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control. after the Islamic takeover of the peninsula in 1711-18. This is the only territory taken back by Christianity from Islam.
|-
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|Siege of Vienna
|-
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army; some say that "9/11" attack in 2001 which destroyed the World Trade Center towers was timed for this anniversary
|-
|[[Dunkirk]]
|1940: the harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, from where more than 300,000 British, French and Belgian soldiers were miraculously rescued by a ragtag assembly of boats, big and small, and taken back to England amid constant bombing by Germany during World War II; Winston Churchill called this success the "miracle of Dunkirk."
|-
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|[[Forbidden City]]
|-
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly (and anonymously) by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|Immanuel Kant
|-
|-
|French Revolution
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|began in 1789 by opening Bastille prison and freeing all its prisoners, and ended in 1794 with the killing of Robespierre.
|-
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|[[Bastille Day]]
|Sun Yixian
|Sun Yixian
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|-
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|[[Mussolini]]
|[[Mussolini]]
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|-
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|-
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|[[Enigma]]
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 and shared it with the Allies (France and England, and then the United States). The Germans did not know that their secret code had been broken.
|-
|-
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|-
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|[[guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|a device that executed people in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.
|-
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|[[cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|-
|[[Robert Owen]]
|[[Robert Owen]]
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|-
|-
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|-
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism. It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism.
|-
|-
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
|-
|-
|[[President Truman]]
|[[President Truman]]
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in early 1945. Ordered the dropping of the atom bomb on Japan. Caved into Joseph Stalin's demands for Stalin to take control of Eastern Europe.
|-
|-
|[[Hiroshima]]
|[[Hiroshima]]
|-
|-
|[[Erwin Rommel]]
|[[Erwin Rommel]]
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Was aware of an attempt to assassinate Hitler, and because Rommel did not warn Hitler, Rommel was then forced to die himself.
|-
|-
|[[Stalingrad]]
|[[Stalingrad]]
|[[Yalta]]
|[[Yalta]]
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
|-
|-
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]
|Georgi Konstantinovich [[Zhukov]]