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|[[Voltaire]]

|[[Voltaire]]

|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed

|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom, and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed

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|[[monarch]]  

|[[monarch]]  

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|[[capitalism]]  

|[[capitalism]]  

|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price

|the American system based on private ownership of property to give maximum incentives to people and businesses to be productive; capitalism is the opposite of socialism

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|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]

|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]

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|[[Rasputin]]

|[[Rasputin]]

|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916

|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916 (a year before the Communist Revolution)

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|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)

|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)

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|[[Bernhard Riemann]]

|[[Bernhard Riemann]]

|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics

|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, later used in physics

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|[[balance of power]]

|[[balance of power]]

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|[[Constitution of the United States]]

|[[Constitution of the United States]]

|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government

|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government based on limitations in power

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|[[David Hume]]

|[[David Hume]]

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|Declaration of Independence  

|Declaration of Independence  

|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people to break their "social contract" with a king when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

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|Edmund Burke

|Edmund Burke

|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it

|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the misguided French Revolution while others were praising it

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|The Federalist Papers  

|The Federalist Papers