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|Louis Pasteur

|Louis Pasteur

|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.

|(1822–95) the greatest chemist in history, this Frenchman was a devout Christian who founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.

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|[[Matthew Perry]]

|[[Matthew Perry]]

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|steamboat

|steamboat

|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline

|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution, which was powered by a steam engine with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline

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|Economies of scale

|economies of scale

|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do

|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its average costs due to improved efficiency, as big Wal-Mart stores do today.  The Industrial Revolution benefited from economies of scale

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|Enclosure movement

|enclosure movement

|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land

|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land

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|Victor Hugo

|Victor Hugo

|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)

|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics "Cromwell" (1827), "The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris" (1831) and "Les Miserables" (1862)

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|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]

|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]

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|[[Bastille Day]]

|[[Bastille Day]]

|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes

|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing the prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes

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|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]

|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]

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|[[Marie Antoinette]]

|[[Marie Antoinette]]

|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread  

|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread. She was killed too.

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|[[Reign of Terror]]

|[[Reign of Terror]]

|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)

|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)

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|[[Napoleon]]

|[[Napoleon]]

|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo

|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe.  He was ultimately defeated by British and Prussian armies at the Battle of Waterloo

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|[[Louisiana Purchase]]

|[[Louisiana Purchase]]