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Mr. CROUCH. Yes, sir. Just as a matter of fact, the Communist Party might have chosen to direct him to turn over the information; they might have chosen to direct him to appoint other Communists to key positions who would in turn, turn over the information. It is a matter of record that Dr. Oppenheimer has appointed many Communists to key positions to the atomic energy program..."<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Vol. 3], 83d Cong., 1st sess., 1953, pp. 1840-41 (PDF pp. 40-41)</ref>}}

Mr. CROUCH. Yes, sir. Just as a matter of fact, the Communist Party might have chosen to direct him to turn over the information; they might have chosen to direct him to appoint other Communists to key positions who would in turn, turn over the information. It is a matter of record that Dr. Oppenheimer has appointed many Communists to key positions to the atomic energy program..."<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Vol. 3], 83d Cong., 1st sess., 1953, pp. 1840-41 (PDF pp. 40-41)</ref>}}

Among those Oppenheimer brought into the project were his former grad students Bohm, Peters and [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz|Lomanitz]]; his brother Frank; and David Hawkins&mdash;all of whom were well known to him to be “members of the Communist Party or closely associated with activities of the Communist Party.”<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/opp06.asp Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer], Washington, D.C., June 29, 1954 (Avalon Project, Yale Law School)</ref> Frank testified that he was a member (under the cover name "Frank Fulsome") from 1937 until 1940 or '41;<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 359. Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 402</ref> Hawkins testified that he was a member at Berkeley from 1938 to 1943;<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Congr., 2d sess., [http://ia341025.us.archive.org/3/items/hearingsregardin194903unit/hearingsregardin194903unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Radiation Laboratory and Atom Bomb Project at the University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Vol. 3] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 3418 (PDF p. 9)</ref> Bohm officially joined the Communist Party in 1942<ref>F. David Peat, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pobZMUmZbAEC Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm]'' (Basic Books, 1997) ISBN 0201328208, p. 58</ref> and later testified that he was a member at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory during [[World War II]].<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 122</ref>

According to Sudoplatov, "Oppenheimer, together with Fermi and Szilard, helped us place moles in Tennessee, Los Alamos and Chicago as assistants in those three labs."<ref>Nigel West, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AcUIAQAAMAAJ Venona: the greatest secret of the Cold War]'' (HarperCollins, 1999) ISBN 0006530710, p. 186</ref> Among those Oppenheimer brought into Los Alamos were his former grad students Bohm, Peters and [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz|Lomanitz]]; his brother Frank; and David Hawkins&mdash;all of whom were well known to him to be “members of the Communist Party or closely associated with activities of the Communist Party.”<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/opp06.asp Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer], Washington, D.C., June 29, 1954 (Avalon Project, Yale Law School)</ref> Frank testified that he was a member (under the cover name "Frank Fulsome") from 1937 until 1940 or '41;<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 359. Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 402</ref> Hawkins testified that he was a member at Berkeley from 1938 to 1943;<ref>Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Congr., 2d sess., [http://ia341025.us.archive.org/3/items/hearingsregardin194903unit/hearingsregardin194903unit_bw.pdf Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Radiation Laboratory and Atom Bomb Project at the University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Vol. 3] (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 3418 (PDF p. 9)</ref> Bohm officially joined the Communist Party in 1942<ref>F. David Peat, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pobZMUmZbAEC Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm]'' (Basic Books, 1997) ISBN 0201328208, p. 58</ref> and later testified that he was a member at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory during [[World War II]].<ref>[[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 122</ref>

In 1942, FBI surveillance recorded Lomanitz telling Nelson he was working on a highly secret weapon; Nelson advised Lomanitz to keep his Party activity quiet<ref>Katherine A. S. Sibley, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713757446 Soviet Military-Industrial Espionage in the United States and the Emergence of an Espionage Paradigm in US-Soviet Relations, 1941-45]," ''American Communist History'', Vol. 2, Iss. 1 (June 2003), pp. 21-51</ref> as he was now considered a member of the underground.<ref>San Francisco FBI report 15 March 1947, COMRAP file. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325; Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> Oppenheimer said he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Lomanitz was a Communist Party member.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> Yet when, following an espionage investigation,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 128 (PDF 138)</ref> the Army released Lomanitz from Berkeley, causing him to lose his draft deferment, Oppenheimer sent an "urgent request" by telegram, urging Lomanitz' "continued availability to project,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 123 (PDF 133)</ref> and subsequently attempted to get the Army to release Lomanitz to return to the Radiation Laboratory.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 124 (PDF 134)</ref>

In 1942, FBI surveillance recorded Lomanitz telling Nelson he was working on a highly secret weapon; Nelson advised Lomanitz to keep his Party activity quiet<ref>Katherine A. S. Sibley, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713757446 Soviet Military-Industrial Espionage in the United States and the Emergence of an Espionage Paradigm in US-Soviet Relations, 1941-45]," ''American Communist History'', Vol. 2, Iss. 1 (June 2003), pp. 21-51</ref> as he was now considered a member of the underground.<ref>San Francisco FBI report 15 March 1947, COMRAP file. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 325; Ted Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 267</ref> Oppenheimer said he knew "for a fact" by August 1943 that Lomanitz was a Communist Party member.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 875 (PDF 887). Cf. [[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 245; [[#refHerken|Herken 2003]]: 111</ref> Yet when, following an espionage investigation,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 128 (PDF 138)</ref> the Army released Lomanitz from Berkeley, causing him to lose his draft deferment, Oppenheimer sent an "urgent request" by telegram, urging Lomanitz' "continued availability to project,"<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 123 (PDF 133)</ref> and subsequently attempted to get the Army to release Lomanitz to return to the Radiation Laboratory.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 124 (PDF 134)</ref>