Changes

These are examples of common diacritics:

These are examples of common diacritics:

* [[Acute accent]] ('''é''') - The acute accent is a symbol placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Italian]].

* '''é''' - The acute accent is a symbol placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Italian]].

* [[Circumflex]] ('''^''') - An accent placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Afrikaans]].

* '''^''' - The circumflex is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Afrikaans]].

* [[Grave accent]] ('''è''') - An accent placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]], [[Italian]] and [[Vietnamese]].

* '''è''' - A grave accent is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]], [[Italian]] and [[Vietnamese]].

* [[Umlaut]] (or trema) ('''ü''') - An accent, represented by two dots above the vowel, used in some languages, especially [[German]] and [[Afrikaans]] and Nordic languages like [[Swedish]] and [[Finnish]].

* '''ü''' - An umlaut, represented by two dots above the vowel, is used in some languages, especially [[German]] and [[Afrikaans]] and Nordic languages like [[Swedish]] and [[Finnish]].

Sounds unique to Eastern European languages were once written with two letter combination called "digraphs." Jan Hus proposed the use of diacritics in ''De Ortographia Bohemica'' (1412). Eight upper case characters with diacritics are included in International Morse Code: Ä, Á, Å, Ch (a Czech digraph), É, Ñ, Ö, and Ü. This system also includes the twenty-six characters of the Latin alphabet, ten numerals, and punctuation. It was developed by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and was adopted as an international standard in 1865. Extended ASCII, an eight-bit encoding standard introduced in 1981 with the IBM PC, has 37 characters with diacritics, both upper case and lower case. "Latin-1," a slightly revised version of this standard, is still used in Western European typography.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf Controls and Latin-1 Supplement], Unicode, Inc.</ref> Unicode, implemented by the Windows operating system since 2000, includes a comprehensive collection of Nordic, Eastern European, and even Asian characters.

Sounds unique to Eastern European languages were once written with two letter combination called "digraphs." Jan Hus proposed the use of diacritics in ''De Ortographia Bohemica'' (1412). Eight upper case characters with diacritics are included in International Morse Code: Ä, Á, Å, Ch (a Czech digraph), É, Ñ, Ö, and Ü. This system also includes the twenty-six characters of the Latin alphabet, ten numerals, and punctuation. It was developed by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and was adopted as an international standard in 1865. Extended ASCII, an eight-bit encoding standard introduced in 1981 with the IBM PC, has 37 characters with diacritics, both upper case and lower case. "Latin-1," a slightly revised version of this standard, is still used in Western European typography.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf Controls and Latin-1 Supplement], Unicode, Inc.</ref> Unicode, implemented by the Windows operating system since 2000, includes a comprehensive collection of Nordic, Eastern European, and even Asian characters.

==Further Reading==

==Further Reading==

*''Merriam-Webster's Geographic Dictionary''. Recommended by CMOS. ''Britannica'' follows the same style for geographic names as this book. In fact, the material on ''Britannica''’s site is likely to be more carefully edited, more complete, and more up to date. (The latest edition of MWGD was published in 1997.)

*''Merriam-Webster's Geographic Dictionary''. Recommended by CMOS. ''Britannica'' follows the same style for geographic names as this book. In fact, the material on ''Britannica''’s site is likely to be more carefully edited, more complete, and more up to date. (The latest edition of MWGD was published in 1997.)

*''Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary''. Recommended by CMOS. The comments above regarding ''Britannica'' and geographic names are even more applicable to biographical names. The latest edition of MWBD was published in 1995. This book is not even in print anymore.

*''Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary''. Recommended by CMOS. The comments above regarding ''Britannica'' and geographic names are even more applicable to biographical names. The latest edition of MWBD was published in 1995. This book is not even in print any more.

*''National Geographic Atlas of the World''. Recommended by AP.

*''National Geographic Atlas of the World''. Recommended by AP.

[[Category:Grammar]][[Category:Linguistics]]

[[Category:Grammar]][[Category:Linguistics]]