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Line 6: − + − + − IBM introduced Extended ASCII, an eight-bit encoding standard, with the original PC in 1981. This set includes 37 characters with diacritics, both upper case and lower case. Latin-1, a slightly revised version of the IBM character set, was adopted as an international standard in 1987.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf Controls and Latin-1 Supplement], Unicode, Inc.</ref> Unicode, implemented by the Windows operating system since 2000, includes Latin-1 as well as a comprehensive collection of Nordic, Eastern European, and even Asian characters.+ Line 186:
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Germanic, add ASCII and Baudot, reorder
A '''diacritic''' is a mark near or through a character that changes its phonetic value or significance. For example, diacritics appear above the letter "e" in the word "résumé," distinguishing the noun from the verb "resume." Diacritics are more common in various European languages than they are in English.
A '''diacritic''' is a mark near or through a character that changes its phonetic value or significance. For example, diacritics appear above the letter "e" in the word "résumé," distinguishing the noun from the verb "resume." Diacritics are more common in various European languages than they are in English
The following are some common diacritics:
The following are some common diacritics:
* '''Àà''' — A grave accent is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Italian]].
* '''Àà''' — A grave accent is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Italian]].
* '''Ââ''' — A circumflex is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]].
* '''Ââ''' — A circumflex is placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]].
* '''Ää''' — A dieresis or umlaut, represented by two dots above the vowel, is used in some languages, especially [[German]] and Nordic languages like [[Swedish]] and [[Finnish]].
* '''Ää''' — A dieresis or umlaut, represented by two dots above the vowel, is used in various Germanic languages.
* '''Ññ''' — A tilde is used in Spanish and Portuguese.
* '''Ññ''' — A tilde is used in Spanish and Portuguese.
* '''Åå''' and '''Øø''' — These symbols are used in Scandinavian writing.
* '''Åå''' and '''Øø''' — These symbols are used in Scandinavian writing.
* '''Çç''' — A cedilla is used in French.
* '''Çç''' — A cedilla is used in French.
Sounds unique to Eastern European languages were once written with two letter combination called "digraphs." In ''De Ortographia Bohemica'' (1412), Jan Hus proposed the use of diacritics in place of digraphs. Eight characters with diacritics are included in International Morse Code: Ä, Á, Å, Ch (a Czech digraph), É, Ñ, Ö, and Ü. This system also includes the twenty-six characters of the Latin alphabet, numerals, and punctuation. It was developed by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and was adopted as an international standard in 1865.
Sounds unique to Eastern European languages were once written with two letter combination called "digraphs." In ''De Ortographia Bohemica'' (1412), Jan Hus proposed the use of diacritics in place of digraphs.
Eight-bit character encoding, introduced in the 1980s, allows dozens of characters with diacritics to be rendered on computer and transmitted electronically. Unicode, the current encoding standard, allows for an almost unlimited character set.
==Correct usage==
==Correct usage==
| style="background:#FFFFA0;"|'''Huế'''
| style="background:#FFFFA0;"|'''Huế'''
|}
|}
==Electronic encoding==
Eight characters with diacritics are included in International Morse Code: Ä, Á, Å, Ch (a Czech digraph), É, Ñ, Ö, and Ü. This encoding method, which includes only capital letters, was developed by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and was adopted as an international standard in 1865.
==Latin-1==
Teleprinters used Baudot, a five-bit code developed in 1870 that includes only capital letters without diacritics. In the 1960s, Baudot was replaced by ASCII, a seven-bit code that includes both upper and lower cased letters. IBM introduced Extended ASCII, an eight-bit encoding standard, with the original PC in 1981. This set includes 37 characters with diacritics. Latin-1, a slightly revised version of the IBM character set, was adopted as an international standard in 1987.<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf Controls and Latin-1 Supplement], Unicode, Inc.</ref>
Unicode, implemented by the Windows operating system since 2000, includes Latin-1 as well as a comprehensive collection of Nordic, Eastern European, and even Asian characters. Unicode characters can be up to four bytes long. This allows for over 1.1 million characters to be encoded, although only 112,000 codepoints have been assigned so far.
===Latin-1===
The following are Western European (Latin-1) diacritics:
The following are Western European (Latin-1) diacritics:
* The cedilla: '''Çç'''.
* The cedilla: '''Çç'''.
==Latin-2==
===Latin-2===
Latin-2 diacritics are used with Eastern European languages:
Latin-2 diacritics are used with Eastern European languages:
*'''Ąą Ęę Ţţ'''.
*'''Ąą Ęę Ţţ'''.