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Line 1: + − + − The '''Shang dynasty''' was an era of Chinese history that began in 1600 BC and continued until 1046 BC.<ref>These dates are from the [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/17161 Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project] (2001). Liu Xin gives 1766–1122 BC, the ''Bamboo Annals'' gives 1556–1046 BC, and ''Cambridge History of Ancient China'' (1999) gives 1570 –1045 BC.</ref> It was preceded by the [[Xia dynasty]] and followed by the [[Zhou dynasty]]. The Shang was China's Bronze Age. Shang casting technique was the finest in the world, and many highly decorated vessels have survived.<ref name=McCurleyShang>McCurley, Dallas L., ”Shang”, ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia'' (2002).</ref> The establishment of a permanent capital at Anyang in 1300 BC can be viewed as the founding of the first Chinese state. A large foundry has been unearthed at Miaopubei near Anyang.<ref name="McCurleyShang" />+ − Chinese writing first appeared in this period. Pictographs were written on bones, shells, and later in bronze. The Shang was the first dynasty to use chariots. Over 500 sites have been classified as culturally Shang, although not necessarily politically. These sites are located, not only in Shang heartland in the central portion of the Yellow River, but all across northern and eastern China.<ref name="McCurleyShang" /> Shang religion was a form of shamanism, with divinations made by the king. The Shang worshiped a sky deity named Shangdi ("high ruler"). − {{History of China}} − +
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The '''Shang dynasty''' was an era of Chinese history that began in 1600 BC and continued until 1046 BC.<ref>These dates are from the [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/17161 Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project] (2001). Liu Xin gives 1766–1122 BC, the ''Bamboo Annals'' gives 1556–1046 BC, and ''Cambridge History of Ancient China'' (1999) gives 1570 –1045 BC.</ref> It was preceded by the [[Xia dynasty]] and followed by the [[Zhou dynasty]]. The Shang was China's Bronze Age. Shang casting technique was the finest in the world, and many highly decorated vessels have survived.<ref name=McCurleyShang>McCurley, Dallas L., ”Shang”, ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia'' (2002).</ref> The establishment of a permanent capital at Anyang in 1300 BC can be viewed as the founding of the first Chinese state. A large foundry has been unearthed at Miaopubei near Anyang.<ref name="McCurleyShang" />
{{language box
{{language box
|c=商朝
|c=商朝
|p=Shāng cháo
|p=Shāng cháo
|w=Shang<sup>1</sup> ch'ao<sup>2</sup>
|w=Shang ch'ao
}}
}}
Chinese writing first appeared in this period. Pictographs were written on bones, shells, and later in bronze. The Shang was the first dynasty to use chariots. Over 500 sites have been classified as culturally Shang, although not necessarily politically. These sites are located, not only in Shang heartland in the central portion of the Yellow River, but all across northern and eastern China.<ref name="McCurleyShang" /> Shang religion was a form of shamanism, with divinations made by the king. The Shang worshiped a sky deity named Shangdi ("high ruler").
==Early Shang==
==Early Shang==
The capital was initially located at Bo. Bo is identified with a walled city in Yanshi in northern Henan Province that was unearthed in 1983. Erlitou, the Xia capital, is also in Yanshi, which suggests that there was at one time a relationship between the two states. Bo was radiocarbon dated to 1600 BC. This date is considered to be the founding of the Shang dynasty.<ref>If the traditional date of 1766 BC is accepted as the actual year the dynasty was founded, that would imply that the upper layer of Erlitou is a Shang site.</ref> In the Middle Shang, the capital was moved several times. In this period, the king may be viewed as a wandering shaman, moving from one city to another in response to arcane oracles.
{{History of China}}The capital was initially located at Bo. Bo is identified with a walled city in Yanshi in northern Henan Province that was unearthed in 1983. Erlitou, the Xia capital, is also in Yanshi, which suggests that there was at one time a relationship between the two states. Bo was radiocarbon dated to 1600 BC. This date is considered to be the founding of the Shang dynasty.<ref>If the traditional date of 1766 BC is accepted as the actual year the dynasty was founded, that would imply that the upper layer of Erlitou is a Shang site.</ref> In the Middle Shang, the capital was moved several times. In this period, the king may be viewed as a wandering shaman, moving from one city to another in response to arcane oracles.
==Late Shang==
==Late Shang==