Changes

In 1787, when the Constitution was written, the word "science" meant generalized learning, such as natural philosophy.  The word did not have the connotation of technology or inventions that the word has today.  The "Progress of Science" meant new books and other creations of authors; the "useful Arts" meant inventions.

In 1787, when the Constitution was written, the word "science" meant generalized learning, such as natural philosophy.  The word did not have the connotation of technology or inventions that the word has today.  The "Progress of Science" meant new books and other creations of authors; the "useful Arts" meant inventions.

The Patent Act of 1790 provides that a person who has "invented or discovered any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used" may be awarded a patent.

The Patent Act of 1790 provides that a person who has "invented or discovered any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used" may be awarded a patent, which is the exclusive right to use his invention for a period of time, which is 20 years under patent law today.  That means he can earn royalties for 20 years by charging fees to others who want to use his invention.  Many inventors, such as Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, created enormous wealth for the United States and themselves this way.

=== Necessary and Proper Clause ===

=== Necessary and Proper Clause ===