Changes

In 1941 President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was relying on intelligence information provided by British intelligence (and slanted by them to favor their position.) In 1941 he created the '''OSS''' [[Office of Strategic Services]], which was the first independent US intelligence agency. Due to extensive Soviet-Communist penetration,<ref>[http://webroots.org/library/usamisc/oss-cia0.html ''The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency''], Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Published: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2000. </ref> the OSS was disbanded after the war and its functions were split between the Departments of State and War. A Central Intelligence Group was reorganized in January 1946.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/6-12th-grade/operation-history/history-of-the-cia.html#changing-face-of-intelligence</ref>

In 1941 President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was relying on intelligence information provided by British intelligence (and slanted by them to favor their position.) In 1941 he created the '''OSS''' [[Office of Strategic Services]], which was the first independent US intelligence agency. Due to extensive Soviet-Communist penetration,<ref>[http://webroots.org/library/usamisc/oss-cia0.html ''The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency''], Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Published: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2000. </ref> the OSS was disbanded after the war and its functions were split between the Departments of State and War. A Central Intelligence Group was reorganized in January 1946.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/6-12th-grade/operation-history/history-of-the-cia.html#changing-face-of-intelligence</ref>

Every U.S. President since [[George Washington]] has used covert action as a part of their broader foreign policy, whether Republican or Democratic, [[Liberalism|liberal]] or conservative.<ref>Daugherty (2004), p.23.</ref>  The majority of these covert action operations were successful.<ref name="Daugherty 2004, Preface XX">Daugherty (2004), Preface XX.</ref>  Most of the operations that were not successful were directed by the President over the objections of the CIA.<ref name="Daugherty 2004, Preface XX"/>  Some of the most controversial "covert action" programs, such as the [[Iran-Contra]] affair, were not primarily the work of the CIA.<ref>Daugherty (2004), p.30.</ref> Covert action programs are also much less expensive than overt political or military actions.<ref name='Daugherty 2004'/> The Pentagon commissioned a study to determine whether the CIA or the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) should conduct covert action paramilitary operations. Their study determined that the CIA should maintain this capability and be the "sole government agency conducting covert action."  The DoD found that, even under U.S. law, it does not have the legal authority to conduct covert action, nor the operational agility to carry out these types of missions.<ref>Study Urges CIA Not To Cede Paramilitary Functions to Pentagon, Ann Scott Tyson, Washington Post Staff Writer, February 5, 2005; Page A08, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A168-2005Feb4.htm</ref>  The operation in May 2011 that resulted in the death of [[Osama bin Laden]] was a covert action under the authority of the CIA.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html?wprss=rss_national-security |title=Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |date=May 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dilanian">{{cite news|last=Dilanian |first=Ken |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story?track=rss |title=CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden |work=Los Angeles Times  |date=May 2, 2011 |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>

Every U.S. President since [[George Washington]] has used covert action as a part of their broader foreign policy, whether Republican or Democratic, [[Liberalism|liberal]] or conservative.<ref>Daugherty (2004), p.23.</ref>  The majority of these covert action operations were successful.<ref name="Daugherty 2004, Preface XX">Daugherty (2004), Preface XX.</ref>  Most of the operations that were not successful were directed by the President over the objections of the CIA.<ref name="Daugherty 2004, Preface XX"/>  Some of the most controversial "covert action" programs, such as the [[Iran-Contra]] affair, were not primarily the work of the CIA.<ref>Daugherty (2004), p.30.</ref> Covert action programs are also much less expensive than overt political or military actions. The Pentagon commissioned a study to determine whether the CIA or the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) should conduct covert action paramilitary operations. Their study determined that the CIA should maintain this capability and be the "sole government agency conducting covert action."  The DoD found that, even under U.S. law, it does not have the legal authority to conduct covert action, nor the operational agility to carry out these types of missions.<ref>Study Urges CIA Not To Cede Paramilitary Functions to Pentagon, Ann Scott Tyson, Washington Post Staff Writer, February 5, 2005; Page A08, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A168-2005Feb4.htm</ref>  The operation in May 2011 that resulted in the death of [[Osama bin Laden]] was a covert action under the authority of the CIA.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html?wprss=rss_national-security |title=Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |date=May 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dilanian">{{cite news|last=Dilanian |first=Ken |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story?track=rss |title=CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden |work=Los Angeles Times  |date=May 2, 2011 |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>

===CIA established 1947===

===CIA established 1947===

The principal problem facing the first generation of covert operators was murky objectives. Was covert action designed merely to "contain" the Soviet Union or to "roll it back?" Covert operations were handled by the CIA's "Office of Policy Coordination" (OPC). There was confusion on its mission OPC --was it merely to stir up trouble behind the Iron Curtain or to "liberate" and [[rollback]] the Kremlin's Eastern European satellites? One early covert operation was a total failure in Albania, where the OPC worked with Britain's [[MI6]] to train and deploy anti-communist commandos committed to overthrowing the Soviet-backed regime of Enver Hoxha. Frank Wisner, the first OPC director, regarded the Albanian operation as "a clinical experiment to see whether larger rollback operations would be feasible elsewhere," but [[Kim Philby]], a Soviet mole inside MI6, leaked the details to the Kremlin, with ghastly results for the anti-Hoxha forces.  

The principal problem facing the first generation of covert operators was murky objectives. Was covert action designed merely to "contain" the Soviet Union or to "roll it back?" Covert operations were handled by the CIA's "Office of Policy Coordination" (OPC). There was confusion on its mission OPC --was it merely to stir up trouble behind the Iron Curtain or to "liberate" and [[rollback]] the Kremlin's Eastern European satellites? One early covert operation was a total failure in Albania, where the OPC worked with Britain's [[MI6]] to train and deploy anti-communist commandos committed to overthrowing the Soviet-backed regime of Enver Hoxha. Frank Wisner, the first OPC director, regarded the Albanian operation as "a clinical experiment to see whether larger rollback operations would be feasible elsewhere," but [[Kim Philby]], a Soviet mole inside MI6, leaked the details to the Kremlin, with ghastly results for the anti-Hoxha forces.  

The CIA supported resistance movements and [[dissident]]s in the communist regimes of [[Eastern Europe]] and the Soviet Union during the [[Cold War]]. One example is the [[counterespionage]] operations following the discovery of the [[Farewell dossier]] which some argue contributed to the fall of the Soviet regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4394002 |title=CIA slipped bugs to Soviets |work=[[Washington Post]] |publisher=[[NBC]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/farewell.htm |title=The Farewell Dossier|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref>

The CIA supported resistance movements and dissidents in the communist regimes of [[Eastern Europe]] and the Soviet Union during the [[Cold War]]. One example is the counterespionage operations following the discovery of the Farewell dossier which some argue contributed to the fall of the Soviet regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4394002 |title=CIA slipped bugs to Soviets |work=[[Washington Post]] |publisher=[[NBC]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/farewell.htm |title=The Farewell Dossier|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref>

====Korea====

====Korea====

The CIA sponsored a variety of activities during the [[Korean War]]. These activities included maritime operations behind North Korean lines. Yong Do Island, connected by a rugged isthmus to [[Pusan]], served as the base for those operations. These operations were carried out by well-trained Korean guerrillas. The four principal U.S. advisers responsible for the training and operational planning of those special missions were Dutch Kramer, Tom Curtis, George Atcheson and Joe Pagnella. All of these Paramilitary Operations Officers operated through a CIA front organization called the [[Joint Advisory Commission, Korea]] (JACK), headquartered at Tongnae, a village near Pusan, on the peninsula's southeast coast.<ref name="historynet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/korean-war-cia-sponsored-secret-naval-raids.htm |title=Korean War: CIA-Sponsored Secret Naval Raids |publisher=History Net |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>  These paramilitary teams were responsible for numerous maritime raids and ambushes behind North Korean lines, as well as [[prisoner of war]] rescue operations. These were the first maritime [[unconventional warfare]] units that trained indigenous forces as [[Proxy war|surrogates]]. They also provided a model, along with the other CIA-sponsored ground based paramilitary Korean operations, for the [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam-Studies and Observations Group]] (MACV-SOG) activities conducted by the U.S. military and the CIA/SAD in [[Vietnam]].<ref name='Southworth'/><ref name="historynet.com"/> In addition, CIA paramilitary ground-based teams worked directly for U.S. military commanders, specifically with the 8th Army, on the "White Tiger" initiative. This initiative included inserting South Korean commandos and CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers prior to the two major amphibious assaults on [[North Korea]], including the landing at [[Inchon]].<ref name='Southworth'/>

The CIA sponsored a variety of activities during the [[Korean War]]. These activities included maritime operations behind North Korean lines. Yong Do Island, connected by a rugged isthmus to Pusan, served as the base for those operations. These operations were carried out by well-trained Korean guerrillas. The four principal U.S. advisers responsible for the training and operational planning of those special missions were Dutch Kramer, Tom Curtis, George Atcheson and Joe Pagnella. All of these Paramilitary Operations Officers operated through a CIA front organization called the Joint Advisory Commission, Korea (JACK), headquartered at Tongnae, a village near Pusan, on the peninsula's southeast coast.<ref name="historynet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/korean-war-cia-sponsored-secret-naval-raids.htm |title=Korean War: CIA-Sponsored Secret Naval Raids |publisher=History Net |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>  These paramilitary teams were responsible for numerous maritime raids and ambushes behind North Korean lines, as well as [[prisoner of war]] rescue operations. These were the first maritime [[unconventional warfare]] units that trained indigenous forces as [[Proxy war|surrogates]]. They also provided a model, along with the other CIA-sponsored ground based paramilitary Korean operations, for the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam-Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG) activities conducted by the U.S. military and the CIA/SAD in [[Vietnam]]. In addition, CIA paramilitary ground-based teams worked directly for U.S. military commanders, specifically with the 8th Army, on the "White Tiger" initiative. This initiative included inserting South Korean commandos and CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers prior to the two major amphibious assaults on [[North Korea]], including the landing at [[Inchon]].

====Iran 1953====

====Iran 1953====

====Cuba====

====Cuba====

The Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations approved initiatives for CIA-trained Cuban anti-communist exiles and refugees to land in [[Cuba]] and attempt to overthrow the government of Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]]. Plans originally formed under Eisenhower were scaled back under Kennedy.  The largest and most complicated coup effort, approved at White House level, was the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs operation]].

The Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations approved initiatives for CIA-trained Cuban anti-communist exiles and refugees to land in [[Cuba]] and attempt to overthrow the government of Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]]. Plans originally formed under Eisenhower were scaled back under Kennedy.  The largest and most complicated coup effort, approved at White House level, was the [[Bay of Pigs]] operation.

The CIA made a number of attempts to [[List of unsuccessful assassinations|assassinate Castro]], often with White House approval, as in [[Operation Mongoose]].

The CIA made a number of attempts to assassinate Castro, often with White House approval, as in Operation Mongoose.

====Iraq 1960====

====Iraq 1960====

In February 1960, the United States planned a coup against the government of [[Iraq]] headed by dictator [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]], who two years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The U.S. was concerned about the growing influence of [[Iraqi Communist Party]] government officials under his administration, as well as his threats to invade [[Kuwait]], which almost caused a war between Iraq and Britain.

In February 1960, the United States planned a coup against the government of [[Iraq]] headed by dictator Abd al-Karim Qasim, who two years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The U.S. was concerned about the growing influence of Iraqi Communist Party government officials under his administration, as well as his threats to invade [[Kuwait]], which almost caused a war between Iraq and Britain.

According to the [[Church Committee]], the CIA planned a "special operation" to "incapacitate" an Iraqi Colonel believed to be "promoting Soviet bloc political interests in Iraq."  The aim was to send Qasim a poisoned handkerchief, "which, while not likely to result in total disablement, would be certain to prevent the target from pursuing his usual activities for a minimum of three months."  During the course of the Committee's investigation, the CIA stated that the handkerchief was "in fact never received (if, indeed, sent)." It added that the colonel: "Suffered a terminal illness before a firing squad in Baghdad (an event we had nothing to do with) after our handkerchief proposal was considered."

According to the [[Church Committee]], the CIA planned a "special operation" to "incapacitate" an Iraqi Colonel believed to be "promoting Soviet bloc political interests in Iraq."  The aim was to send Qasim a poisoned handkerchief, "which, while not likely to result in total disablement, would be certain to prevent the target from pursuing his usual activities for a minimum of three months."  During the course of the Committee's investigation, the CIA stated that the handkerchief was "in fact never received (if, indeed, sent)." It added that the colonel: "Suffered a terminal illness before a firing squad in Baghdad (an event we had nothing to do with) after our handkerchief proposal was considered."

====Chile 1970-3====

====Chile 1970-3====

The election of Marxist candidate [[Salvador Allende]] as [[President of Chile]] in September 1970 led President [[Richard Nixon]] to order that Allende not be allowed to take office.<ref name="The Pinochet File">{{cite book|last=Kornbluh|first=Peter|title=The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability|year=2003|publisher=The New Press|location=New York|isbn=1-56584-936-1}}</ref> Nixon pursued a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende, first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm [[Jorge Alessandri]] as the winner of the election.  When this failed, [[false flag]] operatives approached senior Chilean military officers, in "some two dozen contacts", with the message that "the U.S. desired....a coup."<ref name="The Pinochet File"/> Once Allende took office, extensive covert efforts continued with U.S.-funded [[black propaganda]] placed in ''[[El Mercurio]]'', strikes organized against Allende, and funding for Allende opponents. When ''El Mercurio'' requested significant funds for covert support in September 1971, “...in a rare example of presidential micromanagement of a covert operation, Nixon personally authorized the $700,000—and more if necessary—in covert funds to ''El Mercurio''<ref name="The Pinochet File"/>. Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende.

The election of Marxist candidate [[Salvador Allende]] as President of Chile in September 1970 led President [[Richard Nixon]] to order that Allende not be allowed to take office.<ref name="The Pinochet File">{{cite book|last=Kornbluh|first=Peter|title=The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability|year=2003|publisher=The New Press|location=New York|isbn=1-56584-936-1}}</ref> Nixon pursued a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende, first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm [[Jorge Alessandri]] as the winner of the election.  When this failed, [[false flag]] operatives approached senior Chilean military officers, in "some two dozen contacts", with the message that "the U.S. desired....a coup."<ref name="The Pinochet File"/> Once Allende took office, extensive covert efforts continued with U.S.-funded [[black propaganda]] placed in ''[[El Mercurio]]'', strikes organized against Allende, and funding for Allende opponents. When ''El Mercurio'' requested significant funds for covert support in September 1971, “...in a rare example of presidential micromanagement of a covert operation, Nixon personally authorized the $700,000—and more if necessary—in covert funds to ''El Mercurio''<ref name="The Pinochet File"/>. Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende.

The Chilean Chamber of Deputies accused Allende of support of armed groups, torture, illegal arrests, muzzling the press, confiscating private property, and not allowing people to leave the country.<ref>[[s:Agreement of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|"Declaration on the Breakdown of Chile's Democracy,"]] Resolution of the Chamber of Deputies, Chile, August 22, 1973.</ref> Mark Falcoff credits the CIA with preserving democratic opposition to Allende and preventing the "consolidation" of his supposed "totalitarian project".<ref name="Kissinger and Chile">Falcoff, Mark, "Kissinger and Chile", ''Commentary,'' 2003.  See also his ''Modern Chile.''</ref>  However, Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], which led to years of dictatorship under [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref name="The Pinochet File"/>

The Chilean Chamber of Deputies accused Allende of support of armed groups, torture, illegal arrests, muzzling the press, confiscating private property, and not allowing people to leave the country.<ref>[[s:Agreement of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|"Declaration on the Breakdown of Chile's Democracy,"]] Resolution of the Chamber of Deputies, Chile, August 22, 1973.</ref> Mark Falcoff credits the CIA with preserving democratic opposition to Allende and preventing the "consolidation" of his supposed "totalitarian project".<ref name="Kissinger and Chile">Falcoff, Mark, "Kissinger and Chile", ''Commentary,'' 2003.  See also his ''Modern Chile.''</ref>  However, Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], which led to years of dictatorship under [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref name="The Pinochet File"/>