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== Atheism and intelligence ==

== Atheism and intelligence ==

[[File:Howard gardner.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[Howard Gardner]] developed the [[theory of multiple intelligences]]. ]]

[[File:Howard gardner.jpg|thumbnail|205px|right|[[Howard Gardner]] developed the [[theory of multiple intelligences]]. ]]

''See also:'' [[Atheism and intelligence]] and [[Atheism and the theory of multiple intelligences|Atheism and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences]] and [[Causes of atheism]]  

''See also:'' [[Atheism and intelligence]] and [[Atheism and the theory of multiple intelligences|Atheism and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences]] and [[Causes of atheism]]  

Within various countries, standardized [[intelligence testing|intelligence test]] (IQ) scores related to the issue of atheists/[[agnosticism|agnostics]] vs. [[theism|theists]] intelligence scores yield conflicting results.<ref>*[http://www.doxa.ws/other/smarter.html Who is smarter? Believers or non-believers?]</ref> Part of the problem is that social scientists use variant [[Definition of atheism|definitions of atheism]].<ref>[http://www.strangenotions.com/atheists-higher-iqs/ ''Do Atheists Really Have Higher IQs than Believers?''], Dr. William M. Briggs</ref><ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/blackwhiteandgray/2012/01/how-many-americans-are-atheists-fewer-than-you-might-think/ How Many Americans are Atheists? Fewer than You Might Think] by Bradley Wright, January 26, 2012</ref>

Within various countries, standardized [[intelligence testing|intelligence test]] (IQ) scores related to the issue of atheists/[[agnosticism|agnostics]] vs. [[theism|theists]] intelligence scores yield conflicting results.<ref>*[http://www.doxa.ws/other/smarter.html Who is smarter? Believers or non-believers?]</ref> Part of the problem is that social scientists use variant [[Definition of atheism|definitions of atheism]].<ref>[http://www.strangenotions.com/atheists-higher-iqs/ ''Do Atheists Really Have Higher IQs than Believers?''], Dr. William M. Briggs</ref><ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/blackwhiteandgray/2012/01/how-many-americans-are-atheists-fewer-than-you-might-think/ How Many Americans are Atheists? Fewer than You Might Think] by Bradley Wright, January 26, 2012</ref>

The Flynn effect is the significant and long-sustained increase intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present.<ref name=R2000>Raven, John (2000). The Raven's Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time. Cognitive Psychology 41, 1–48 (2000) {{doi|10.1006/cogp.1999.0735}}. John Raven, 30 Great King Street, Edinburgh EH3 6QH, Scotland. http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/RPMChangeAndStability.pdf</ref>  In some secular, economically developed countries, the Flynn effect has ceased and their scores on standardized intelligence tests are falling.<ref>

The Flynn effect is the significant and long-sustained increase intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present.<ref name=R2000>Raven, John (2000). The Raven's Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time. Cognitive Psychology 41, 1–48 (2000) {{doi|10.1006/cogp.1999.0735}}. John Raven, 30 Great King Street, Edinburgh EH3 6QH, Scotland. http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/RPMChangeAndStability.pdf</ref>  In some secular, economically developed countries, the Flynn effect has ceased and their scores on standardized intelligence tests are falling.<ref>

*[http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/intelligence-quotient-james-flynn Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter] by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine</ref> However, the Flynn effect is continuing in developing countries which tend to be more religious (see: [[Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries]]).  

*[http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/intelligence-quotient-james-flynn Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter] by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine</ref> However, the Flynn effect is continuing in developing countries which tend to be more religious (see: [[Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries]]).  

=== Intelligence trends in some secular countries and the religious developing world and United States ===

=== Intelligence trends: Secular countries and religious countries ===

See: [[Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries]]

See: [[Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries]]

[[Howard Gardner]] at [[Harvard University]] developed the [[theory of multiple intelligences]] which has identified various distinct intelligences:  interpersonal, intrapersonal, visual–spatial, verbal–linguistic, logical–mathematical, musical–rhythmic, bodily–kinesthetic, and naturalistic.<ref>[http://www.tecweb.org/styles/gardner.html Multiple Ingelligence]</ref> Gardner later suggested that [[moral intelligence]] may merit being included in his multiple intelligence model.<ref>[http://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/ Howard Gardner, multiple intelligences and education]</ref>  

[[Howard Gardner]] at [[Harvard University]] developed the [[theory of multiple intelligences]] which has identified various distinct intelligences:  interpersonal, intrapersonal, visual–spatial, verbal–linguistic, logical–mathematical, musical–rhythmic, bodily–kinesthetic, and naturalistic.<ref>[http://www.tecweb.org/styles/gardner.html Multiple Ingelligence]</ref> Gardner later suggested that [[moral intelligence]] may merit being included in his multiple intelligence model.<ref>[http://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/ Howard Gardner, multiple intelligences and education]</ref>  

For information related to atheism and various forms of intelligence, please see [[Atheism and the theory of multiple intelligences]]

For information related to atheism and various forms of intelligence, please see:

 

* [[Atheism and the theory of multiple intelligences]]

 

*[[Atheism and intelligence]]

== Claims about the conditionality of atheism and doubts that atheists exist ==

== Claims about the conditionality of atheism and doubts that atheists exist ==

For more information, please see: [[Atheism and irrationality]] and [[Irreligion and superstition]]

For more information, please see: [[Atheism and irrationality]] and [[Irreligion and superstition]]

=== Atheism and meaningless ===

=== Atheism and meaninglessness ===

''See also:'' [[Atheism and meaninglessness]]

''See also:'' [[Atheism and meaninglessness]]

*Dervic, Kanita, et al. (December 2004).  [http://www.adherents.com/misc/religion_suicide.html "Religious affiliation and suicide attempt" [summary&#93;]. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', vol. 161:12, pp. 2303-8.  Summary retrieved from Adherents.com on July 25, 2014.  Website contains link to article at American Journal of Psychiatry website.

*Dervic, Kanita, et al. (December 2004).  [http://www.adherents.com/misc/religion_suicide.html "Religious affiliation and suicide attempt" [summary&#93;]. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', vol. 161:12, pp. 2303-8.  Summary retrieved from Adherents.com on July 25, 2014.  Website contains link to article at American Journal of Psychiatry website.

*Dervic, Kanita, et al. (December 2004).  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569904 "Religious affiliation and suicide attempt" [abstract&#93;]. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', vol. 161:12, pp. 2303-8.  Abstract retrieved from National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Pub Med on July 24, 2014.

*Dervic, Kanita, et al. (December 2004).  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569904 "Religious affiliation and suicide attempt" [abstract&#93;]. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', vol. 161:12, pp. 2303-8.  Abstract retrieved from National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Pub Med on July 24, 2014.

*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E2DC1131E033A25754C1A96F9C94659ED7CF "Atheism a cause of suicide; Dr. MacArthur preaches on the sin and cowardice of self-destruction"] (September 17, 1894).  ''New York Times'', p. 2.  Retrieved from nytimes.com on July 24, 2014.</ref> In 1894, the [[NY Times]] stated the following in relation to atheism and suicide:

*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E2DC1131E033A25754C1A96F9C94659ED7CF "Atheism a cause of suicide; Dr. MacArthur preaches on the sin and cowardice of self-destruction"] (September 17, 1894).  ''New York Times'', p. 2.  Retrieved from nytimes.com on July 24, 2014.</ref> In 1894, the [[NY Times|''New York Times'']] stated the following in relation to atheism and suicide:

{{cquote|Dr. Martin urged that a great cause of suicide was atheism. It was, he said, a remarkable fact that where atheism prevailed most, there suicides were most numerous. In [[Paris]], a recent census showed one suicide to every 2,700 of the population. After the publication of Paine's "Age of Reason" suicides increased.<ref name="nytimes">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E2DC1131E033A25754C1A96F9C94659ED7CF "Atheism a cause of suicide; Dr. MacArthur preaches on the sin and cowardice of self-destruction"] (September 17, 1894).  ''New York Times'', p. 2.  Retrieved from nytimes.com on July 24, 2014.</ref>}}  

{{cquote|Dr. Martin urged that a great cause of suicide was atheism. It was, he said, a remarkable fact that where atheism prevailed most, there suicides were most numerous. In [[Paris]], a recent census showed one suicide to every 2,700 of the population. After the publication of Paine's "Age of Reason" suicides increased.<ref name="nytimes">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E2DC1131E033A25754C1A96F9C94659ED7CF "Atheism a cause of suicide; Dr. MacArthur preaches on the sin and cowardice of self-destruction"] (September 17, 1894).  ''New York Times'', p. 2.  Retrieved from nytimes.com on July 24, 2014.</ref>}}  

[[Image:Desperation_man.jpg‎ |thumb|right|200px|Pitzer College sociologist Phil Zuckerman stated concerning suicide rates: "this is the one indicator of societal health in which religious nations fare much better than secular nations."]]

[[Image:Desperation_man.jpg‎ |thumb|right|200px|Pitzer College sociologist Phil Zuckerman stated concerning suicide rates: "this is the one indicator of societal health in which religious nations fare much better than secular nations."]]

The same NY Times article quotes the Reverend Dr. MacArthur describing suicide in the following manner:  

The same ''New York Times'' article quotes the Reverend Dr. MacArthur describing suicide in the following manner:  

{{cquote|It is mean and not manly; it is dastardly and not daring. A man who involves his innocent wife and children in financial disaster and disgrace and takes his life and leaves them to bear the burden he was unwilling to bear, is a coward.<ref name="nytimes"/>}}  

{{cquote|It is mean and not manly; it is dastardly and not daring. A man who involves his innocent wife and children in financial disaster and disgrace and takes his life and leaves them to bear the burden he was unwilling to bear, is a coward.<ref name="nytimes"/>}}  

''see also:'' [[Atheism and women]] and [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Elevatorgate]] and [[Prominent atheists whose wives believe in the existence of God]]

''see also:'' [[Atheism and women]] and [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Elevatorgate]] and [[Prominent atheists whose wives believe in the existence of God]]

[[File:2404429188 ea8f1fc48b.jpg|thumbnail|right|255px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the [[Western World]] tend to be more religious than men.<ref name=Britt>Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009). [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Livescience.  Retrieved on July 26, 2014.</ref>]]

[[File:2404429188 ea8f1fc48b.jpg|thumbnail|right|255px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the [[Western World]] tend to be more religious than men.<ref name=Britt>Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009). [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Livescience.  Retrieved on July 26, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism_and_women#Prominent_general_atheist_websites_appear_to_receive_significantly_less_traffic_from_women Demographic breakdown of atheist websites]</ref> ]]

=== Recent studies ===

=== Recent studies ===

*Wells, Jonathan (June 12, 2002).  [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=1180 "Critics rave over ''Icons of Evolution'': a response to published reviews"].  Discovery Institute Center for Science and Culture.  Retrieved on July 28, 2014.

*Wells, Jonathan (June 12, 2002).  [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=1180 "Critics rave over ''Icons of Evolution'': a response to published reviews"].  Discovery Institute Center for Science and Culture.  Retrieved on July 28, 2014.

*Wells, Jonathan (January 2001).  [http://www.discovery.org/articleFiles/PDFs/survivalOfTheFakest.pdf "Survival of the fakest"].  ''The American Spectator''.  Retrieved from the Discovery Institute Center for Science and Culture:  essential readings on July 29, 2014.</ref>

*Wells, Jonathan (January 2001).  [http://www.discovery.org/articleFiles/PDFs/survivalOfTheFakest.pdf "Survival of the fakest"].  ''The American Spectator''.  Retrieved from the Discovery Institute Center for Science and Culture:  essential readings on July 29, 2014.</ref>

The March 9, 1907 edition of the NY Times refers to Ernst Haeckel as the "celebrated Darwinian and founder of the Association for the Propagation of Ethical Atheism."<ref name="nytimes2"/>

The March 9, 1907 edition of the ''New York Times'' refers to Ernst Haeckel as the "celebrated Darwinian and founder of the Association for the Propagation of Ethical Atheism."<ref name="nytimes2"/>

For more information please see:  [[Atheism and deception]]

For more information please see:  [[Atheism and deception]]

*[[Atheism articles]]

*[[Atheism articles]]

*[[Rebuttals to atheist arguments]]

*[[Rebuttals to atheist arguments]]

*[[History of Atheism]]

*[[History of Atheism]]

*[[Definitions of Atheist and Agnostic]]

*[[Definitions of Atheist and Agnostic]]