Changes

The story of the book is as follows:  

The story of the book is as follows:  

Tobit, a pious man of the tribe of Naphtali from the Northern Kingdom of Israel, who remained faithful to Jerusalem when his tribe fell away to Jeroboam's cult of the bull, was carried away captive, and deported to Nineveh in 722/721 B.C. in the time of Enemessar (Shalmaneser), King of Assyria. There, together with his wife, Anna, and his son Tobias, and keeping himself pure from the food of the Gentiles, he gave alms to the needy, and buried the outcast bodies of the slain. A devout and wealthy Israelite living among the captives, he was in favor with the king, and so prosperous that he was able to deposit ten talents of silver in trust with a friend, Gabael, in Media. With the accession of Sennacherib (the successor of Enemessar) the situation changed, and he suffered severe reverses. Accused of burying the dead slain by the king (who desired their corpses to rot), he had to flee, and his property was confiscated; but when Sarchedonus (Esarhaddon) came to the throne Tobit was allowed to return to Nineveh at the intercession of his nephew Achiacharus (Aḥiḳar), the king's chancellor. Here he continued his works of mercy; but, accidentally losing his eyesight, and finally blinded, he fell into great poverty, so that in his dire distress because of his misfortunes he prayed that he might die, and  begged the Lord to let him die. In Media, at this same time, on that same day a similar prayer was offered by a young woman, Sarah, the daughter of Raguel of Ecbatana (in Media). She also prayed for death, in despair because she had been married to seven husbands, and had lost seven husbands, who had each in turn been killed, slain on his wedding night by the jealous demon Asmodeus. God heard the prayers of Tobit and Sarah and sent the angel Raphael in human form to aid them both. The same day, Tobit, remembering his deposit of money in Media, determined to send his son for it. Recalling to Tobiah the large sum he had formerly deposited in far-off Media with Gabael, he sends his son there to bring back the money. In obedience to the counsel of his father, Tobiah departed to seek a companion and guide and immediately encountered a young man (who turned out to be the angel Raphael). Raphael gave his name as Azarias ("help of God") the son of the great Ananias ("the grace of God"). Being found acceptable for him, Tobit blessed them and prayed that an angel of God accompany them. Raphael made the trip to Media with Tobiah, and the two proceeded on their journey. At the Tigris River, when Tobiah was attacked by a large fish as he bathed in the river, Raphael ordered him to seize it and to remove its gall, heart, and liver because they make useful medicines. Tobit caught the fish and was instructed by his companion to preserve its heart, liver, and gall. Conducted to Raguel's house, at Raphael’s urging he asked Sarah's hand in marriage. Later, the contract was made, Tobiah married Sarah according to the law of Moses, and he used the fish’s heart and liver as instructed by burning a part of the heart and liver of the fish on the coals in the bridal chamber to drive away the demon Asmodeus. The demon fled, and Raphael pursued and bound him in Upper Egypt, and returned. The next morning the couple was found alive. Sarah's parents deeded over to Tobit half of their own possessions and property and upon their death the other half to Sarah and Tobiah, and they celebrated with a feast for two weeks. Tobiah sent Raphael (Azarias) to Gabael for the money, and he returned. Returning to Nineveh with Raphael, and with Sarah his wife, and his father’s money, Tobiah restored Tobit's eyesight by smearing his eyes with the fish's gall: he rubbed the fish’s gall into his father's eyes and cured him. Finally, after declining their offer of half the wealth they had obtained as a reward for his help, Raphael revealed his true identity and returned to heaven. Tobit then uttered his beautiful hymn of praise. Before dying, Tobit told his son to leave Nineveh because God will destroy that wicked city. After Tobiah buried his father and mother, he and his family departed for Media, where he later learned that the destruction of Nineveh had taken place. Father, mother, and son reached a good old age (Tobias living to rejoice over the destruction of Nineveh), and died in peace.

Tobit, a pious man of the tribe of Naphtali from the Northern Kingdom of Israel, who remained faithful to Jerusalem when his tribe fell away to Jeroboam's cult of the bull, was carried away captive, and deported to Nineveh in 722/721 B.C. in the time of Enemessar (Shalmaneser), King of Assyria. There, together with his wife, Anna, and his son Tobias, and keeping himself pure from the food of the Gentiles, he gave alms to the needy, and buried the outcast bodies of the slain. A devout and wealthy Israelite living among the captives, he was in favor with the king, and so prosperous that he was able to deposit ten talents of silver in trust with a friend, Gabael, in Media. With the accession of Sennacherib (the successor of Enemessar) the situation changed, and he suffered severe reverses. Accused of burying the dead slain by the king (who desired their corpses to rot), he had to flee, and his property was confiscated; but when Sarchedonus (Esarhaddon) came to the throne Tobit was allowed to return to Nineveh at the intercession of his nephew Achiacharus (Aḥiḳar), the king's chancellor. Here he continued his works of mercy; but, accidentally losing his eyesight, and finally blinded, he fell into great poverty, so that in his dire distress because of his misfortunes he prayed that he might die, and  begged the Lord to let him die. In Media, at this same time, on that same day a similar prayer was offered by a young woman, Sarah, the daughter of Raguel of Ecbatana (in Media). She also prayed for death, in despair because she had been married to seven husbands, and had lost seven husbands, who had each in turn been killed, slain on his wedding night by the jealous demon Asmodeus. God heard the prayers of Tobit and Sarah and sent the angel Raphael in human form to aid them both. The same day, Tobit, remembering his deposit of money in Media, determined to send his son for it. Recalling to Tobiah the large sum he had formerly deposited in far-off Media with Gabael, he sends his son there to bring back the money. In obedience to the counsel of his father, Tobiah departed to seek a companion and guide and immediately encountered a young man (who turned out to be the angel Raphael). Raphael gave his name as Azarias ("help of God") the son of the great Ananias ("the grace of God"). Being found acceptable for him, Tobit blessed them and prayed that an angel of God accompany them. Raphael made the trip to Media with Tobiah, and the two proceeded on their journey. At the Tigris River, when Tobiah was attacked by a large fish as he bathed in the river, Raphael ordered him to seize it and to remove its gall, heart, and liver because they make useful medicines. Tobiah caught the fish and was instructed by his companion to preserve its heart, liver, and gall. Conducted to Raguel's house, at Raphael’s urging he asked Sarah's hand in marriage. Later, the contract was made, Tobiah married Sarah according to the law of Moses, and he used the fish’s heart and liver as instructed by burning a part of the heart and liver of the fish on the coals in the bridal chamber to drive away the demon Asmodeus. The demon fled, and Raphael pursued and bound him in Upper Egypt, and returned. The next morning the couple was found alive. Sarah's parents deeded over to Tobit half of their own possessions and property and upon their death the other half to Sarah and Tobiah, and they celebrated with a feast for two weeks. Tobiah sent Raphael (Azarias) to Gabael for the money, and he returned. Returning to Nineveh with Raphael, and with Sarah his wife, and his father’s money, Tobiah restored Tobit's eyesight by smearing his eyes with the fish's gall: he rubbed the fish’s gall into his father's eyes and cured him. Finally, after declining their offer of half the wealth they had obtained as a reward for his help, Raphael revealed his true identity and returned to heaven. Tobit then uttered his beautiful hymn of praise. Before dying, Tobit told his son to leave Nineveh because God will destroy that wicked city. After Tobiah buried his father and mother, he and his family departed for Media, where he later learned that the destruction of Nineveh had taken place. Father, mother, and son reached a good old age (Tobias living to rejoice over the destruction of Nineveh), and died in peace.

This brief outline does not do justice to the artistic construction of the story, or to the fine touches in its descriptions of family life, social customs, and individual experiences.

This brief outline does not do justice to the artistic construction of the story, or to the fine touches in its descriptions of family life, social customs, and individual experiences.

==The charge of "magic"==

==The charge of "magic"==

A claim that the Book of Tobit supports the use of magic is based on chapter 6:6-7:<ref>Official King James Bible Online: Apocrypha Books (kingjamesbibleonline.org): —"''Many claim the apocrypha should never have been included in the first place, raising doubt about its validity and believing it was not God-inspired (for instance, a reference about magic seems inconsistent with the rest of the Bible: Tobit chapter 6, verses 5-8).''" See External links below [[Book of Tobit#External links|"King James Apocrypha Online"]]</ref><ref>Texts from the ''Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition''. Prepared by the Catholic Biblical Association of Great Britain © 1966 by Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Thomas Nelson Publishers for Ignatius Press.</ref><blockquote>"Then the young man said to the angel, 'Brother Azarias, of what use is the liver and heart and gall of the fish?' He replied, 'As for the heart and the liver, if a demon or evil spirit gives trouble to any one, you make a smoke from these before the man or woman and that person will never be troubled again.'"</blockquote>However, if this is a "magical practice", then the canonical books of the Old Testament accepted by Protestant Christianity present several examples of "magical practice" recommended by angels and prophets of God.<blockquote>"You shall take in your hand this '''rod''', with which you shall do the signs." Exodus 4:17</blockquote><blockquote>"The L<small>ORD</small> said to Moses, 'Why do you cry out to me? Tell the people of Israel to go forward. '''Lift up your rod, and stretch out your hand''' over the sea and divide it, that the people of Israel may go on dry ground through the sea.'" Exodus 14:15-16.</blockquote><blockquote>"and if the '''spirit''' of jealousy comes upon him, and he is jealous of his wife who has defiled herself; or if the spirit of jealousy comes upon him, and he is jealous of his wife, though she has not defiled herself; then the man shall bring his wife to the priest, and bring the offering required of her, a tenth of an ephah of barley meal; he shall bour no oil upon it and put no frankincense on it, for it is a ceral offering of jealousy, a cereal offering of remembrance, bringing iniquity to remembrance. And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the L<small>ORD</small>; and the priest shall take '''holy water''' in an earthen vessel, and take some of the dust that is on the floor of the tabernacle and put it into the water. And the priest shall set the woman before the L<small>ORD</small>, and unbind the hair of the woman's head, and place in her hands the cereal offering of jealousy. And in his hand the priest shall have the '''water of bitterness that brings the curse'''. Then the priest shall make her take an oath, saying, 'If no man has lain with you, and if you have not turned aside to uncleanness, while you were under your husband's authority, be free from this water of bitterness that brings the curse. But if you have gone astray, though you are under your husband's authority, and if you have defiled yourself, and some man other than your husband has lain with you, then' (let the priest make the woman take the oath of the curse, and say to the woman) 'the L<small>ORD</small> make you an execration and an oath among your people, when the L<small>ORD</small> makes your thigh fall away and your body swell; may this '''water that brings the curse''' pass into your bowels and make your body swell and your thigh fall away.' And the woman shall say, 'Amen, Amen.' Then the priest shall write these curses in a book, and wash them off into the water of bitterness; and he shall make the woman drink the water of bitterness that brings the curse, and the water that brings the curse shall enter into her and cause bitter pain. And the priest shall take the cereal offering of jealousy out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the cereal offering before the L<small>ORD</small> and bring it to the altar; and the priest shall take a handful of the cereal offering, as its memorial portion, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall make the woman drink the water. And when he has made her drink the water, then, if she has defiled herself and has acted unfaithfully against her husband, the water that brings the curse shall enter into her and cause bitter pain, and her body shall swell, and her thigh shall fall away, and the woman shall become an execration among her people. But if the woman has not defiled herself and is clean, then she shall be free and shall conceive children." Numbers 5:14-28.</blockquote><blockquote>"And the L<small>ORD</small> said to Moses, 'Make a fiery serpent, and set it on a pole; and every one who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.' So Moses made a bronze serpent, and set it on a pole; and if a serpent bit any man, he would look at the bronze serpent and live." Numbers 21:8-9.</blockquote><blockquote>"You shall march around the city, all of the men of war going around the city once. Thus shall you do for six days. And '''seven priests''' shall bear '''seven trumpets''' of rams' horns before the ark; and on the '''seventh day''' you shall march around the city '''seven times''', the priests blowing the trumpets. And when they make a long blast with the ram's horn, as soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, then all the people shall shout with a great shout; and the wall of the city will fall down flat, and the people shall go up every man straight before him." Joshua 6:3-5</blockquote><blockquote>"And Elijah sent a messenger to him, saying, 'Go and wash in the Jordan '''seven times''', and your flesh shall be restored, and you shall be clean'...So he went down and dipped himself '''seven times''' in the Jordan, according to the word of the man of God; and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean." 2 Kings 5:10, 14.</blockquote><blockquote>"Again, I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about '''anything''' they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven. For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of them." Matthew 18:19-20.</blockquote><blockquote>"And God did extraordinary miracles by the hands of Paul, so that handkerchiefs or aprons were carried away from his body to the sick, and diseases left them and the evil spirits came out of them." Acts 19:11-12.</blockquote>The counsel given to Tobias (Tobit 6:6-7) by [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], a messenger of God and a prophet (Tobit 12:6-20), has been taken out of context by critics of the Book of Tobit and represented as a practice of magic and thus as promoting superstition. Outside of this text there seems to be no evidence in antiquity that the burning of fish heart and liver to make a smoke before a spirit-oppressed individual has been performed as a ritual of magical [[exorcism]] by either Jews or Gentiles. Given the context of the Bible which unequivocally condemns the practice of magic,<ref>See [http://biblehub.com/topical/m/magic.htm Topical Bible: "magic".]</ref> and the fact that the Book of Tobit was accepted as part of the Septuagint Old Testament from the beginning of Christianity, and was thus accepted as inspired and canonical by the Orthodox Church in the Greek Orthodox Bible, and is found among the books of the Old Testament of the Vulgate and is included in the canon of inspired scripture by the Third Council of Carthage (397), and the fact that the eastern and western Church from the first through the sixteenth centuries has always doctrinally condemned the superstitious practices of sorcery and magic as grave sin,<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09637494.2011.621683 The Orthodox Church and Commercial Fortune-Telling and Magic in Russia. Faith Wigzell. Published online: 23 Nov 2011.]<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/6291899/Saints_and_Sinners_Ritual_Magic_Mystics_and_the_Condemnation_of_Divine_Visions_in_the_Middle_Ages Saints and Sinners: Ritual Magic, Mystics, and the Condemnation of Divine Visions in the Middle Ages].<br/>[http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-magic/magic01.pdf The Fathers of the Church and the Evil Eye] ''an extract from: Byzantine Magic © 1995 Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America, published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. www.doaks.org/etexts.html edited by Henry Maguire.</ref> given these historical facts, the Book of Tobit as part of the Bible was never traditionally understood as promoting magic. In the Catholic [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] (1899) a footnote on Tobit C<small>HAP.</small> 6. V<small>ER.</small> 8. ''Its heart, '' etc. ''The liver'' (ver. 19). says,<blockquote>"God was pleased to give to these things a virtue against those proud spirits, to make them, who affected to be like the Most High, subject to such mean corporeal creatures as instruments of his power."</blockquote>Because the acronym for Jesus Christ, is '''І Χ Θ Υ Σ''' ("I.C.TH.U.S."), "icthus", Greek for "fish", "'''I'''esus '''C'''hristos '''Th'''eos '''U'''ios '''Soter'''" ('''Іησους Χριστος Θεος Υίος Σωτηρ''' "''Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior''") passages in the Book of Tobit (6:6-7; 8:2-3) are seen in ancient Christian commentaries on scripture as a veiled prophesy of the salvation of humanity from the oppression of the Devil effected by the sacrificial crucifixion of Christ.<blockquote>"We have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat. For the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest as a sacrifice for sin are '''burned''' outside the camp. '''So Jesus''' also suffered outside the gate in order to sanctify the people through his own blood." Hebrews 13:10-12.</blockquote>

A claim that the Book of Tobit supports the use of magic is based on chapter 6:6-7:<ref>Official King James Bible Online: Apocrypha Books (kingjamesbibleonline.org): —"''Many claim the apocrypha should never have been included in the first place, raising doubt about its validity and believing it was not God-inspired (for instance, a reference about magic seems inconsistent with the rest of the Bible: Tobit chapter 6, verses 5-8).''" See External links below [[Book of Tobit#External links|"King James Apocrypha Online"]]</ref> (Bible texts here are from the RSVCE)<ref>Texts from the ''Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition''. Prepared by the Catholic Biblical Association of Great Britain © 1966 by Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Thomas Nelson Publishers for Ignatius Press.</ref><blockquote>"Then the young man said to the angel, 'Brother Azarias, of what use is the liver and heart and gall of the fish?' He replied, 'As for the heart and the liver, if a demon or evil spirit gives trouble to any one, you make a smoke from these before the man or woman and that person will never be troubled again.'"</blockquote>However, if this is a "magical practice", then the canonical books of the Old Testament accepted by Protestant Christianity present several examples of "magical practice" recommended by angels and prophets of God.<blockquote>"You shall take in your hand this '''rod''', with which you shall do the signs." Exodus 4:17</blockquote><blockquote>"The L<small>ORD</small> said to Moses, 'Why do you cry out to me? Tell the people of Israel to go forward. '''Lift up your rod, and stretch out your hand''' over the sea and divide it, that the people of Israel may go on dry ground through the sea.'" Exodus 14:15-16.</blockquote><blockquote>"and if the '''spirit''' of jealousy comes upon him, and he is jealous of his wife who has defiled herself; or if the spirit of jealousy comes upon him, and he is jealous of his wife, though she has not defiled herself; then the man shall bring his wife to the priest, and bring the offering required of her, a tenth of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it and put no frankincense on it, for it is a ceral offering of jealousy, a cereal offering of remembrance, bringing iniquity to remembrance. And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the L<small>ORD</small>; and the priest shall take '''holy water''' in an earthen vessel, and take some of the dust that is on the floor of the tabernacle and put it into the water. And the priest shall set the woman before the L<small>ORD</small>, and unbind the hair of the woman's head, and place in her hands the cereal offering of jealousy. And in his hand the priest shall have the '''water of bitterness that brings the curse'''. Then the priest shall make her take an oath, saying, 'If no man has lain with you, and if you have not turned aside to uncleanness, while you were under your husband's authority, be free from this water of bitterness that brings the curse. But if you have gone astray, though you are under your husband's authority, and if you have defiled yourself, and some man other than your husband has lain with you, then' (let the priest make the woman take the oath of the curse, and say to the woman) 'the L<small>ORD</small> make you an execration and an oath among your people, when the L<small>ORD</small> makes your thigh fall away and your body swell; may this '''water that brings the curse''' pass into your bowels and make your body swell and your thigh fall away.' And the woman shall say, 'Amen, Amen.' Then the priest shall write these curses in a book, and wash them off into the water of bitterness; and he shall make the woman drink the water of bitterness that brings the curse, and the water that brings the curse shall enter into her and cause bitter pain. And the priest shall take the cereal offering of jealousy out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the cereal offering before the L<small>ORD</small> and bring it to the altar; and the priest shall take a handful of the cereal offering, as its memorial portion, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall make the woman drink the water. And when he has made her drink the water, then, if she has defiled herself and has acted unfaithfully against her husband, the water that brings the curse shall enter into her and cause bitter pain, and her body shall swell, and her thigh shall fall away, and the woman shall become an execration among her people. But if the woman has not defiled herself and is clean, then she shall be free and shall conceive children." Numbers 5:14-28.</blockquote><blockquote>"Make '''two silver trumpets'''; of hammered work you shall make them; and you shall use them for summoning the congregation, and for breaking camp...And '''the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow the trumpets'''. The trumpets shall be to you for a perpetual statute throughout your generations. '''And when you go to war''' in your land against the adversary who oppresses you, '''then you shall sound an alarm with the trumpets''', that you may be remembered before the L<small>ORD</small> your God, '''and you shall be saved from your enemies'''." Numbers 10:2, 8-9.</blockquote><blockquote>"And the L<small>ORD</small> said to Moses, ''''Make a fiery serpent''', and set it on a pole; and '''every one who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live'''.' So '''Moses made a bronze serpent''', and set it on a pole; and if a serpent bit any man, he would '''look at the bronze serpent and live'''." Numbers 21:8-9.</blockquote><blockquote>"You shall '''march around the city, all of the men of war going around the city once'''. Thus shall you do for '''six days'''. And '''seven priests''' shall bear '''seven trumpets''' of rams' horns before the ark; and on the '''seventh day''' you shall march around the city '''seven times''', the priests blowing the trumpets. And when they '''make a long blast with the ram's horn''', as soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, then '''all the people shall shout with a great shout'''; and '''the wall of the city will fall down flat''', and the people shall go up every man straight before him." Joshua 6:3-5</blockquote><blockquote>"And Elijah sent a messenger to him, saying, 'Go and wash in the Jordan '''seven times''', and your flesh shall be restored, and you shall be clean'...So he went down and dipped himself '''seven times''' in the Jordan, according to the word of the man of God; and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child, and he was clean." 2 Kings 5:10, 14.</blockquote><blockquote>"Again, I say to you, if '''two''' of you agree on earth about '''anything''' they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven. For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of them." Matthew 18:19-20.</blockquote><blockquote>"And God did extraordinary miracles by the hands of Paul, so that '''handkerchiefs or aprons''' were carried away from his body to the sick, and '''diseases left them and the evil spirits came out of them'''." Acts 19:11-12.</blockquote>The counsel given to Tobias (Tobit 6:6-7) by [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], a messenger of God and a prophet (Tobit 12:6-20), has been taken out of context by critics of the Book of Tobit and represented as a practice of magic and thus as promoting superstition. Outside of this text there seems to be no evidence in antiquity that the burning of fish heart and liver to make a smoke before a spirit-oppressed individual has otherwise been performed as a ritual of magical [[exorcism]] by either Jews or Gentiles. Given the context of the Bible which unequivocally condemns the practice of magic,<ref>See [http://biblehub.com/topical/m/magic.htm Topical Bible: "magic".]</ref> and the fact that the Book of Tobit was accepted as part of the Septuagint Old Testament from the beginning of Christianity, and was thus accepted as inspired and canonical by the Orthodox Church in the Greek Orthodox Bible, and is found among the books of the Old Testament of the Vulgate and is included in the canon of inspired scripture by the Third Council of Carthage (397), and the fact that the eastern and western Church from the first through the sixteenth centuries has always doctrinally condemned the superstitious practices of sorcery and magic as grave sin,<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09637494.2011.621683 The Orthodox Church and Commercial Fortune-Telling and Magic in Russia. Faith Wigzell. Published online: 23 Nov 2011.]<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/6291899/Saints_and_Sinners_Ritual_Magic_Mystics_and_the_Condemnation_of_Divine_Visions_in_the_Middle_Ages Saints and Sinners: Ritual Magic, Mystics, and the Condemnation of Divine Visions in the Middle Ages].<br/>[http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-magic/magic01.pdf The Fathers of the Church and the Evil Eye] ''an extract from: Byzantine Magic © 1995 Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America, published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. www.doaks.org/etexts.html edited by Henry Maguire.</ref> given these historical facts, the Book of Tobit as part of the Bible was never traditionally understood as promoting magic. In the Catholic [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] (1899) a footnote on Tobit C<small>HAP.</small> 6. V<small>ER.</small> 8. ''Its heart, '' etc. ''The liver'' (ver. 19). says,<blockquote>"God was pleased to give to these things a virtue against those proud spirits, to make them, who affected to be like the Most High, subject to such mean corporeal creatures as instruments of his power."</blockquote>Because the acronym for Jesus Christ, is '''І Χ Θ Υ Σ''' ("I.C.TH.U.S."), "icthus", Greek for "fish", "'''I'''esus '''C'''hristos '''Th'''eos '''U'''ios '''Soter'''" ('''Іησους Χριστος Θεος Υίος Σωτηρ''' "''Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior''") passages in the Book of Tobit (6:6-7; 8:2-3) are seen in ancient Christian commentaries on scripture as a veiled prophesy of the salvation of humanity from the oppression of the Devil effected by the sacrificial crucifixion of Christ.<blockquote>"We have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat. For the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest as a sacrifice for sin are '''burned''' outside the camp. '''So Jesus''' also suffered outside the gate in order to sanctify the people through his own blood." Hebrews 13:10-12.</blockquote>

==Historical-critical textual analysis==

==Historical-critical textual analysis==

===Text and Original Language===

===Text and Original Language===

The text of Tobit exists in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Judæo-Aramaic, and two late Hebrew translations. Of the Greek there are three versions: one in the Vatican and Alexandrian manuscripts of the Septuagint; one in the Sinaitic; and one in Codices 44, 106, 107 of Holmes and Parsons.<ref>Holmes and Parsons. See [http://biblehub.com/library/swete/an_introduction_to_the_old_testament_in_greek_additional_notes/chapter_v_manuscripts_of_the.htm Manuscripts of the Septuagint. An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes — Henry Barclay Swete] (biblehub.com).</ref> Of the Latin translation of the text there are two recensions: the Old Latin, which agrees substantially with the Sinaitic Septuagint; and the Vulgate, translated by Jerome from an Aramaic text, which often agrees with it, although it also presents many divergencies from the Septuagint. The Syriac follows the Vatican manuscript in general, although it is by no means literal, while Codices 44, 106, 107 agree sometimes with this Vatican text, and sometimes with that of the Sinaitic. The Aramaic text (published by Neubauer) also represents the Sinaitic recension in a general way, but it is a late manuscript, and can scarcely be considered the descendant of Jerome's original Aramaic text. The Hebrew copies are also late and of no authority. The two chief Greek recensions are the earliest sources for the text of Tobit, though suggestions may be drawn from the Latin and the Syriac. Of the Greek forms, the Vatican text is the shortest (except in chapter 4); its style is rough and often incorrect (poor Greek), and it has many errors, frequently clerical in nature. The Sinaitic text is more wordy, but frequently gives the better readings. It is possible that both of them may have been based on an earlier form which has been corrupted by copiest errors in the Vatican and expanded for clarification in the Sinaitic, although the question is a difficult one to resolve. Determining the original language of the book is an equal problem. The forms of the proper names, and such an expression as χάριν καὶ μορφήν (1:13), which suggests Esther 2:17, also the form of piety portrayed, some hold as pointing to Hebrew. But it must also be noted that there is no mention in early times of a Hebrew text of this book, which Jerome would certainly have used if it had been available. The Sinaitic manuscript text forms of "Ather" for "Asur" (14:4) and "Athoureias" for "Asureias" (14:15), on the other hand, are Aramaic. The excellent Greek style of the Sinaitic may suggest a Greek original. But in view of the conflicting character of the data, and given the fact that the text appears to have suffered a number of revisions and misreadings, careful scholars think it best to reserve opinion as to the original language, Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek.

The text of Tobit exists in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Judæo-Aramaic, and two late Hebrew translations. Of the Greek there are three versions: one in the Vaticanus and Alexandrinus manuscripts of the Septuagint; one in the Sinaitic; and one in Codices 44, 106, 107 of Holmes and Parsons.<ref>Holmes and Parsons. See [http://biblehub.com/library/swete/an_introduction_to_the_old_testament_in_greek_additional_notes/chapter_v_manuscripts_of_the.htm Manuscripts of the Septuagint. An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes — Henry Barclay Swete] (biblehub.com).</ref> Of the Latin translation of the text there are two recensions: the Old Latin, which agrees substantially with the Sinaitic Septuagint; and the Vulgate, translated by Jerome from an Aramaic text, which often agrees with it, although it also presents many divergencies from the Septuagint. The Syriac follows the Vatican manuscript in general, although it is by no means literal, while Codices 44, 106, 107 agree sometimes with this Vatican text, and sometimes with that of the Sinaitic. The Aramaic text (published by Neubauer) also represents the Sinaitic [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/recension recension] in a general way, but it is a late manuscript, and can scarcely be considered the descendant of Jerome's original Aramaic text. The Hebrew copies are also late and of no authority. The two chief Greek recensions are the earliest sources for the text of Tobit, though suggestions may be drawn from the Latin and the Syriac. Of the Greek forms, the Vatican text is the shortest (except in chapter 4); its style is rough and often incorrect (poor translation of the Greek), and it has many errors, frequently clerical in nature. The Sinaitic text is more wordy, but frequently gives the better readings. It is possible that both of them may have been based on an earlier form which has been corrupted by copiest errors in the Vatican and expanded for clarification in the Sinaitic, although the question is a difficult one to resolve. Determining the original language of the book is an equal problem. The forms of the proper names, and such an expression as χάριν καὶ μορφήν (1:13), which suggests Esther 2:17, also the form of piety portrayed, some hold as pointing to Hebrew. But it must also be noted that there is no mention in early times of a Hebrew text of this book, which Jerome would certainly have used if it had been available. The Sinaitic manuscript text forms of "Ather" for "Asur" (14:4) and "Athoureias" for "Asureias" (14:15), on the other hand, are Aramaic. The excellent Greek style of the Sinaitic may suggest a Greek original. But in view of the conflicting character of the data, and given the fact that the text appears to have suffered a number of revisions and misreadings, careful scholars think it best to reserve opinion as to the original language, Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek.

The reference to Achiacharus (Aḥiḳar) in 14:10 introduces new perplexities into the question of the origin of the book. But here the reference is merely an illustration, drawn from an Aḥiḳar story; the allusion is scarcely organically connected with the story of Tobit. The book makes Tobit a relative of Ahiqar, a noted hero of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature and folklore, enhancing his status for the reader.  

The reference to Achiacharus (Aḥiḳar) in 14:10 introduces new perplexities into the question of the origin of the book. But here the reference is merely an illustration, drawn from an Aḥiḳar story; the allusion is scarcely organically connected with the story of Tobit. The book makes Tobit a relative of Ahiqar, a noted hero of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature and folklore, enhancing his status for the reader.  

The original form of the book may have told simply how a pious man, doing his duty, came safe out of trouble. Many literary critics see the author of the Book of Tobit as having borrowed elements of the popular folk story of the '''grateful dead''', but not all agree. The Grateful Dead  (or grateful ghost) is a folktale found in many cultures throughout the world. The most common form of the story involves a traveler who encounters a corpse of someone who never received a proper burial, often because of an unpaid debt.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037771/grateful-dead#23476.hook Encyclopædia Britannica: Grateful dead.]</ref> The traveler then either pays off the dead person's debt or pays for burial. The traveler is later rewarded or is saved from death by a person or animal who is actually the soul of the dead person. The "grateful dead" story is Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 505.<ref> [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0505.html D.L. Ashliman. The Grateful Dead: folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 505.]</ref> The episode of Sarah and Asmodeus appears to many to be a separate story, here skilfully combined with the tale of the grateful dead. In contrast to the pagan folklore which literary critics suggest as a source utilized by the biblical author, the Book of Tobit is not presented as a "ghost" story, but introduces the archangel Raphael as the spirit sent by God as helper and prophet. According to literary criticism, the advisory discourses in chapter 4 (which is greatly abbreviated in the Sinaitic text) and in chapter 12 read as insertions of an editor, not as part of the original text, but this is not as readily apparent to all readers as some have chosen to believe. For the ethical tone see especially 4:15, 16, and for the religious ideas, 12:8. The wisdom expressed in the book is comparable to Proverbs, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Daniel, and Ecclesiastes.

The original form of the book may have told simply how a pious man, doing his duty, came safe out of trouble. Many literary critics see the author of the Book of Tobit as having borrowed elements of the popular folk story of the '''grateful dead''', but not all agree. The Grateful Dead  (or grateful ghost) is a folktale found in many cultures throughout the world. The most common form of the story involves a traveler who encounters a corpse of someone who never received a proper burial, often because of an unpaid debt.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037771/grateful-dead#23476.hook Encyclopædia Britannica: Grateful dead.]</ref> The traveler then either pays off the dead person's debt or pays for burial. The traveler is later rewarded or is saved from death by a person or animal who is actually the soul of the dead person. The "grateful dead" story is Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 505.<ref> [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0505.html D.L. Ashliman. The Grateful Dead: folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 505.]</ref> The episode of Sarah and Asmodeus appears to many to be a separate story, here skilfully combined with the tale of the grateful dead. In contrast to the pagan folklore which literary critics suggest as a source utilized by the biblical author, the Book of Tobit is not presented as a "ghost" story, but introduces the archangel Raphael as the spirit sent by God as helper and prophet. According to literary criticism, the advisory discourses in chapter 4 (which is greatly abbreviated in the Sinaitic text) and in chapter 12 read as insertions of an editor, not as part of the original text, but this is not as readily apparent to all readers as some have chosen to believe. For the ethical tone see especially 4:15, 16, and for the religious ideas, 12:8. The wisdom expressed in the book is comparable to Proverbs, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Daniel, and Ecclesiastes.

Most likely written in Aramaic,<ref>Several portions of the Old Testament books apparently were originally written in Aramaic, not Hebrew: Genesis, Ezra, Jeremiah, Daniel, and others. See [http://www.studylight.org/language-studies/aramaic-thoughts/index.cgi?a=189 Aramaic Thoughts: Aramaic and the Old Testament]</ref> the original of the book was lost for centuries. Fragments of four Aramaic texts and of one Hebrew text were discovered in Qumran Cave 4 in 1952 and have only recently been published. As with all ancient texts discovered in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Hebrew was in consonantal form only. These Semitic forms of the book substantially agree with the long Greek recension of Tobit found in Codex Sinaiticus, recovered only in 1844 from St. Catherine’s Monastery (Mount Sinai), and in manuscripts 319 and 910. Two other Greek forms of Tobit have long been known: the short recension, found mainly in manuscripts Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Venetus, and numerous cursive manuscripts; and an intermediate Greek recension, in manuscripts 44, 106, 107. The Book of Tobit has been known also from two Latin versions: the long recension in the Vetus Latina, closely related to the long Greek recension and sometimes even closer to the Aramaic and Hebrew texts than the Greek; and the short recension in the Vulgate, related to the short Greek recension. The present English translation in modern Bibles has been based mainly on Sinaiticus, which is the most complete form of the long Greek recension, despite two lacunae (4:7–19b and 13:6i–10b) and some missing phrases, which make succeeding verses difficult to understand, making it necessary to supplement Sinaiticus from the Vetus Latina or from the short Greek recension. Occasionally, phrases or words have been drawn from the Aramaic or Hebrew texts, when they are significantly different. Forms of the Book of Tobit are also extant in ancient Arabic, Armenian, Coptic (Sahidic), Ethiopic, and Syriac, but these are almost all secondarily derived from the short Greek recension, and as such do not adequately represent the original text. The recent discovery of five scrolls of Tobit (4QTob) in both Hebrew and Aramaic among the Dead Sea Scrolls in Cave IV of Qumran has given the book renewed attention.

Most likely written in Aramaic,<ref>Several portions of the Old Testament books apparently were originally written in Aramaic, not Hebrew: Genesis, Ezra, Jeremiah, Daniel, and others. See [http://www.studylight.org/language-studies/aramaic-thoughts/index.cgi?a=189 Aramaic Thoughts: Aramaic and the Old Testament]</ref> the original of the book was lost for centuries. Fragments of four Aramaic texts and of one Hebrew text were discovered in Qumran Cave 4 in 1952 and have only recently been published. As with all ancient texts discovered in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Hebrew was in consonantal form only. These Semitic forms of the book substantially agree with the long Greek recension of Tobit found in Codex Sinaiticus, recovered only in 1844 from St. Catherine’s Monastery (Mount Sinai), and in manuscripts 319 and 910. Two other Greek forms of Tobit have long been known: the short recension, found mainly in manuscripts Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Venetus, and numerous cursive manuscripts; and an intermediate Greek recension, in manuscripts 44, 106, 107. The Book of Tobit has been known also from two Latin versions: the long recension in the Vetus Latina, closely related to the long Greek recension and sometimes even closer to the Aramaic and Hebrew texts than the Greek; and the short recension in the Vulgate, related to the short Greek recension. The present English translation in modern Bibles has been based mainly on Sinaiticus, which is the most complete form of the long Greek recension, despite two [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/lacuna lacunae] (4:7–19b and 13:6i–10b) and some missing phrases, which make succeeding verses difficult to understand, making it necessary to supplement Sinaiticus from the Vetus Latina or from the short Greek recension. Occasionally, phrases or words have been drawn from the Aramaic or Hebrew texts, when they are significantly different. Forms of the Book of Tobit are also extant in ancient Arabic, Armenian, Coptic (Sahidic), Ethiopic, and Syriac, but these are almost all secondarily derived from the short Greek recension, and as such do not adequately represent the original text. The recent discovery of five scrolls of Tobit (4QTob) in both Hebrew and Aramaic among the Dead Sea Scrolls in Cave IV of Qumran has given the book renewed attention.

===Time and Place===

===Time and Place===

The message of the book is that God is both just and free. Suffering is not a punishment but a test. God eventually does reward the just and punish the wicked. The believer is summoned to trust God and live his way. The book is rich in ethical, moral, spiritual principle, and presents the sanctity of Marriage, intercession through Angels, reward of good works, and parental respect, as well as the importance of daily prayer, fasting, and especially almsgiving in expiation of sin (12:9). This last point is taken up by Jesus in Matthew 25:31-46, as an integral part of the realization, or active expression, of faith in God and faithfulness toward God, and by Paul in Romans 2:6-11, by James (in his Letter to the twelve tribes in the dispersion) 2:14-26, and by John (in his First Letter) 3:17-18 and 4:19-21.

The message of the book is that God is both just and free. Suffering is not a punishment but a test. God eventually does reward the just and punish the wicked. The believer is summoned to trust God and live his way. The book is rich in ethical, moral, spiritual principle, and presents the sanctity of Marriage, intercession through Angels, reward of good works, and parental respect, as well as the importance of daily prayer, fasting, and especially almsgiving in expiation of sin (12:9). This last point is taken up by Jesus in Matthew 25:31-46, as an integral part of the realization, or active expression, of faith in God and faithfulness toward God, and by Paul in Romans 2:6-11, by James (in his Letter to the twelve tribes in the dispersion) 2:14-26, and by John (in his First Letter) 3:17-18 and 4:19-21.

==References==

==References==

[http://alwaysproventrue.com/tag/why-did-martin-luther-remove-the-book-of-tobit-from-the-bible/ Always Proven True. Sep 7, 2008 Post: Why Did Martin Luther Remove the Book of Tobit from the Bible?] (alwaysproventrue.com)

[http://alwaysproventrue.com/tag/why-did-martin-luther-remove-the-book-of-tobit-from-the-bible/ Always Proven True. Sep 7, 2008 Post: Why Did Martin Luther Remove the Book of Tobit from the Bible?] (alwaysproventrue.com)

[http://www.scborromeo.org/papers/luther.pdf Luther and the Canon of the Bible] (scborromeo.org)

[http://www.scborromeo.org/papers/luther.pdf Luther and the Canon of the Bible] (scborromeo.org)