Changes

*[http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_102_ApocryphaBackground.pdf BACKGROUND AND HISTORY TO THE APOCRYPHA, By David Phillips] Article reprinted from Cross†Way Issue Autumn 2006 No. 102 (archive.churchsociety.org)

*[http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_102_ApocryphaBackground.pdf BACKGROUND AND HISTORY TO THE APOCRYPHA, By David Phillips] Article reprinted from Cross†Way Issue Autumn 2006 No. 102 (archive.churchsociety.org)

*[http://churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/misc/apocrypha/iss_doctrine_misc_apocrypha_origin.asp The Origin of the Apocrypha]

*[http://churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/misc/apocrypha/iss_doctrine_misc_apocrypha_origin.asp The Origin of the Apocrypha]

*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dtlDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=apocryphal+books+having+evidence+of+hebrew+or+aramaic+origin&source=bl&ots=CkMPwQMciG&sig=y6w4tnI_wvIqyzCWqCoN3xo8mvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VGGcVP2RH4r2yQT7toKYAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=apocryphal%20books%20having%20evidence%20of%20hebrew%20or%20aramaic%20origin&f=false The Apocrypha of the Old Testament: With Historical Introductions, a Revised Translation, and Notes Critical and Explanatory, by Edwin Cone Bissell. Scribner, 1890. 680 pages], page 208ff, citing evidence that the "additions to Esther" were also translated from the Hebrew. (Google eBook)</ref> which were relatively recent Jewish contributions of the 3rd through the 1st centuries before Christ) which had become part of Jewish culture; and they simultaneously excluded as condemned and false the writings of the "heretics" (the ''minim'', including Christians), and cursed Christians in a synagogue service "benediction" against them and others.<ref>[http://www.defendingthebride.com/bb/curse.html DEFENDING  THE  BRIDE. THE  CURSE  AGAINST  CHRISTIANS  AT  JAMNIA  ABOUT  90 AD]<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/6811953/The_Jewish_Council_of_Jamnia_and_Its_Impact_on_the_Old_Testament_Canon_and_New_Testament_Studies The Jewish “Council” of Jamnia and Its Impact on the Old Testament Canon and New Testament Studies, Tim Gordon October 20, 2007]</ref> Martin Luther and the leaders of the [[Reformation]] cite as authoritative and determinative the canon of the Hebrew Bible as defined by rabbinical authorities who excluded and condemned as false the entire New Testament scriptures and Jesus as the Messiah.<ref>Luther rejected the seven books of the Old Testament citing the Palestinian Canon as his authority. Clearly his reasons were doctrinal. However, his decision poses serious difficulties. What authority from God would Jews have in the Christian era to determine which books of the Old Testament were or were not divinely inspired? In 1529, Luther proposed adoption of the 39-book canon of rabbinic Judaism as the Old Testament canon of the Christian Bible. He justified his decision to exclude seven books from the Old Testament canon of 46 books by an appeal to precedent, citing Jerome who, around A.D. 400 had expressed concerns also voiced by his rabbinical sources that these books in Greek had no Hebrew counterparts. Research into the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran has discovered Hebrew copies of some of the disputed books, which makes their rejection on this ground unsupportable. Luther's principal reason for opposing these Old Testament books seems to be that they contain textual support for doctrines he had rejected, such as praying for the dead (2 Maccabees 12:42-45).<br/>See [http://www.totustuus.com/luther Luther and the Canon of the Bible,

*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dtlDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=apocryphal+books+having+evidence+of+hebrew+or+aramaic+origin&source=bl&ots=CkMPwQMciG&sig=y6w4tnI_wvIqyzCWqCoN3xo8mvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VGGcVP2RH4r2yQT7toKYAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=apocryphal%20books%20having%20evidence%20of%20hebrew%20or%20aramaic%20origin&f=false The Apocrypha of the Old Testament: With Historical Introductions, a Revised Translation, and Notes Critical and Explanatory, by Edwin Cone Bissell. Scribner, 1890. 680 pages], page 208ff, citing evidence that the "additions to Esther" were also translated from the Hebrew. (Google eBook)</ref> which were relatively recent Jewish contributions of the 3rd through the 1st centuries before Christ) which had become part of Jewish culture; and they simultaneously excluded as condemned and false the writings of the "heretics" (the ''minim'', including Christians, called nozrim, no§rim, "Nazarenes"), and cursed Christians in a synagogue service "benediction" against them and others. Palestinian texts of the Eighteen Benedictions from the Cairo Genizah <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/treasures-in-the-wall The New Yorker: Page-Turner. March 1, 2013 Treasures in the Wall, by Emily Greenhouse] (newyorker.com)<br/>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Genizah.html Jewish Virtual Library: Modern Jewish History: The Cairo Genizah, by Alden Oreck]</ref> present a text of the benediction which identifies the minim:<blockquote>"''For the apostates may there be no hope unless they return to Your Torah. As for the no§rim and the minim, may they perish immediately. Speedily may they be erased from the Book of Life, and may they not be registered among the righteous.  Blessed are You, O Lord, Who subdues the wicked.''"</blockquote>While other specimens of the Palestinian liturgy show slight variation, the no§rim, (usually translated “Christians”) and minim are included in the best texts of this benediction. The fact remains that the no§rim were included with apostates and heretics and the wicked in the Genizah documents.<ref>[http://lawrenceschiffman.com/?s=the+benediction+against+the+minim Professor Lawrence H. Schiffman: The Benediction Against the Minim] (lawrenceschiffman.com)<br/>[http://www.defendingthebride.com/bb/curse.html DEFENDING  THE  BRIDE. THE  CURSE  AGAINST  CHRISTIANS  AT  JAMNIA  ABOUT  90 AD] (defendingthebride.com)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/6811953/The_Jewish_Council_of_Jamnia_and_Its_Impact_on_the_Old_Testament_Canon_and_New_Testament_Studies The Jewish “Council” of Jamnia and Its Impact on the Old Testament Canon and New Testament Studies, Tim Gordon October 20, 2007] (academia.edu/6811953)</ref> Martin Luther and the leaders of the [[Reformation]] cite as authoritative and determinative the canon of the Hebrew Bible as defined by rabbinical authorities who excluded and condemned as false the entire New Testament scriptures and Jesus as the Messiah.<ref name=Luther>Luther rejected the seven books of the Old Testament, citing the Palestinian Canon as his authority. Clearly his reasons were doctrinal. However, his decision poses serious difficulties. What authority from God would Jews have in the Christian era to determine which books of the Old Testament were or were not divinely inspired? In 1529, Luther proposed adoption of the 39-book canon of rabbinic Judaism as the Old Testament canon of the Christian Bible. He justified his decision to exclude seven books from the Old Testament canon of 46 books by an appeal to precedent, citing Jerome who, around A.D. 400 had expressed concerns also voiced by his rabbinical sources that these books in Greek had no Hebrew counterparts. Research into the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran has discovered Hebrew copies of some of the disputed books, which makes their rejection on this ground unsupportable. Luther's principal reason for opposing these Old Testament books seems to be that they contain textual support for doctrines he had rejected, such as praying for the dead (2 Maccabees 12:42-45).<br/>See [http://www.totustuus.com/luther Luther and the Canon of the Bible, by Jim Seghers]<br/>[http://www.olswahiawa.org/uploads/2/1/8/4/21845996/session_3.pdf The Canon of the Bible]<br/>[http://catholicdefense.blogspot.com/2011/07/can-protestants-rely-upon-council-of.html Wednesday, July 20, 2011. Can Protestants Rely Upon the "Council of Jamnia" for Their Bible?]</ref> because "''unto them were committed the oracles of God.''" (see [http://biblehub.com/multi/romans/3-2.htm Romans 3:2]). This is an historical fact. But if the Jews have been so entrusted with the word of God that they had therefore been given the divine authority to determine the canon of sacred scripture, as Luther and the Reformation Protestants maintain, then the whole New Testament is excluded from the canon of the holy Bible because it does not meet established rabbinical criteria for what is sacred inspired scripture.

by Jim Seghers]<br/>[http://www.olswahiawa.org/uploads/2/1/8/4/21845996/session_3.pdf The Canon of the Bible]<br/>[http://catholicdefense.blogspot.com/2011/07/can-protestants-rely-upon-council-of.html Wednesday, July 20, 2011. Can Protestants Rely Upon the "Council of Jamnia" for Their Bible?]</ref> because "''unto them were committed the oracles of God.''" (see [http://biblehub.com/multi/romans/3-2.htm Romans 3:2]). This is an historical fact. But if the Jews have been so entrusted with the word of God that they had therefore been given the divine authority to determine the canon of sacred scripture, as Luther and the Reformation Protestants maintain, then the whole New Testament is excluded from the canon of the holy Bible because it does not meet established rabbinical criteria for what is sacred inspired scripture.

The [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian churches]] continue to use the Greek Septuagint to this day. The Western Church of [[Catholicism]] commissioned a Latin translation from [[Saint Jerome]] in the early 5th century which came to be known as the [[Vulgate]].  It remains the official Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) Bible, and as a translation of the Hebrew is an important witness to earlier readings of the pre-Masoretic Hebrew text.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=Vulgat+witness+to+Hebrew+text&source=bl&ots=B4YaN19NkF&sig=Cktx0t4xtMerH3AHA2TDFLcqR-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Y-cVNabAYuAygSFtYGYAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Vulgat%20witness%20to%20Hebrew%20text&f=false Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective Craig A. Evans, Emanuel Tov, Baker Academic, Oct 1, 2008. 272 pages] (Google eBook)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/3596676/Short_Notes_on_LXX_and_Vulgate_Lam_1_1 Gideon Kotzé (University of Stellenbosch) SHORT NOTES ON THE VALUE OF THE SEPTUAGINT AND VULGATE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LAMENTATIONS 1:1] Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/1 (2010), pp.77-93 75.</ref>

The [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian churches]] continued to use the Greek Septuagint from the 1st century to this day. The Western Church of [[Catholicism]] commissioned a Latin translation from [[Saint Jerome]] in the early 5th century which came to be known as the [[Vulgate]].  It remains the official Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) Bible, and as a translation of the Hebrew is an important witness to earlier readings of the pre-Masoretic Hebrew text.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=Vulgat+witness+to+Hebrew+text&source=bl&ots=B4YaN19NkF&sig=Cktx0t4xtMerH3AHA2TDFLcqR-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Y-cVNabAYuAygSFtYGYAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Vulgat%20witness%20to%20Hebrew%20text&f=false Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective Craig A. Evans, Emanuel Tov, Baker Academic, Oct 1, 2008. 272 pages] (Google eBook)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/3596676/Short_Notes_on_LXX_and_Vulgate_Lam_1_1 Gideon Kotzé (University of Stellenbosch) SHORT NOTES ON THE VALUE OF THE SEPTUAGINT AND VULGATE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LAMENTATIONS 1:1] Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/1 (2010), pp.77-93 75.</ref>

The Biblical [[New Testament]] was taking shape by the end of the first century when the [[Gospels]] and the letters of [[Paul]] were already being circulated.  The heretic [[Marcion]] attempted to remove some books around 140 A.D., showing that there was already a grouping of books that were accepted as authentic. Twenty of the 27 books of the New Testament were accepted early in the history of Christianity, while the other seven that make up the Scriptures were subjects of dispute by a minority of biblical scholars. When [[Constantine]] first made Christianity a legal religion in the [[Roman Empire]] in the early 300s, he called together leading Christians from the East and West parts of the empire to iron out the principles of Christianity, including cementing the canon. Subsequent councils such as the Council of Hippo (393) and the Third Council of Carthage (397), dealt with minor questions of authenticity, and set forth the first-ever listing of all 27 books of the New Testament, and 46 books of the Old Testament, a canon of 73 books of the Bible, which remained unchanged for 1200 years. Still, 7 books of the Old Testament (and parts of 2 other books) and 7 books of the New Testament, 14 total, while accepted by the majority of Christian scholars and church leaders as part of the Biblical canon, continued to be debated by a minority of independent scholars, from the 4th through the 16th centuries, many of them quoting from the disputed books as if they were authoritative scripture.<ref>[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation, William Webster.] This article provides extensive translations of the writings of many of the major Western theologians from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries on their view of the Canon for the first time in English.<br/>See also [http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerome.html Jerome on the Canon] (bible-researcher.com)</ref> Since the 16th century these 14 books have been designated ''deuterocanonical'', as distinct from the ''protocanonical'' books universally accepted without debate from the 1st century of the church. The deuterocanonical Old Testament scriptural texts are:

The Biblical [[New Testament]] was taking shape by the end of the first century when the [[Gospels]] and the letters of [[Paul]] were already being circulated.  The heretic [[Marcion]] attempted to remove some books around 140 A.D., showing that there was already a grouping of books that were accepted as authentic. Twenty of the 27 books of the New Testament were accepted early in the history of Christianity, while the other seven that make up the Scriptures were subjects of dispute by a minority of biblical scholars. When [[Constantine]] first made Christianity a legal religion in the [[Roman Empire]] in the early 300s, he called together leading Christians from the East and West parts of the empire to iron out the principles of Christianity, including cementing the canon. Subsequent councils such as the Council of Hippo (393) and the Third Council of Carthage (397), dealt with minor questions of authenticity, and set forth the first-ever listing of all 27 books of the New Testament, and 46 books of the Old Testament, a canon of 73 books of the Bible, which quickly gained acceptance and remained unchanged for 1200 years. Still, 7 books of the Old Testament (and parts of 2 other books) and 7 books of the New Testament, 14 total, while accepted by the majority of Christian scholars and church leaders as part of the Biblical canon, continued to be debated by a minority of independent scholars, from the 4th through the 16th centuries, many of them quoting from the disputed books as if they were authoritative scripture.<ref>[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation, William Webster.] This article provides extensive translations of the writings of many of the major Western theologians from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries on their view of the Canon for the first time in English.<br/>See also [http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerome.html Jerome on the Canon] (bible-researcher.com)</ref> Since the 16th century these 14 books have been designated ''deuterocanonical'', as distinct from the ''protocanonical'' books universally accepted without debate from the 1st century of the church. The deuterocanonical Old Testament scriptural texts are:

*[[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]

*[[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]

*[[Book of Judith|Judith]]

*[[Book of Judith|Judith]]

*[[Jude|The Epistle of Jude]]

*[[Jude|The Epistle of Jude]]

*[[Revelation|The Apocalypse of John (also known as the Book of Revelation)]]

*[[Revelation|The Apocalypse of John (also known as the Book of Revelation)]]

The meaning of the term "deuterocanonical" is therefore not identical with "apocryphal". For the Catholic Church, a formal [[Dogma|dogmatic]] proclamation was made at the [[Council of Trent]], that the Bible the Church had been using and the books it contained "with all their parts" was correct, in reaction to the [[Protestant Reformation]]'s rejection of 7 of the deuterocanonical works as [[apocrypha]], together with those parts of 2 other canonical books which had been long debated (parts of Esther and Daniel). However, [[1 Esdras]], [[2 Esdras]] and [[Prayer of Manasseh]] were not included in the canon of the Catholic Bible defined by the Council of Trent, although they were part of the Vulgate, but they were subsequently placed in an appendix to the definitive [[Clementine Vulgate]], "''lest they be lost altogether''". This definitively closed 1400 years of intermittant debate over the traditional canon of the Bible in the Catholic Church, and declared henceforth [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/anathema ''anathema'' (cursed)] any one who persisted in holding any dissenting opinion in the matter <ref>"But if any one receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberately contemn the traditions aforesaid; let him be anathema."[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct04.html The Council of Trent. The Fourth Session. The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent, Trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 17-21. <nowiki>[Page 17]</nowiki> SESSION THE FOURTH Celebrated on the eighth day of the month of April, in the year MDXLVI. DECREE CONCERNING THE CANONICAL SCRIPTURES]</ref> (''see'' [http://biblehub.com/multi/1_corinthians/16-22.htm 1 Corinthians 16:22]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=galatians%201:6-9&version=KJV Galatians 1:6-9]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans%2013:1-2&version=KJV Romans 13:1-2]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=hebrews%2013:17&version=KJV Hebrews 13:17]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2peter%201:20&version=KJV 2 Peter 1:20] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2peter%203:16-17&version=KJV 3:16-17]; [http://biblehub.com/multi/jude/1-8.htm Jude 8], [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=jude%201:16-19&version=KJV 16-19]; [http://biblehub.com/multi/revelation/22-19.htm  Revelation 22:19]). [[Martin Luther]] had initially placed 4 of the New Testament deuterocanonical books in an appendix after the New Testament of his German Bible, judging them to be unscriptural and hostile to the gospel of Christ: Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation.<ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html Luther's Treatment of the 'Disputed Books' of the New Testament] (bible-researcher.com/antilegomena)<br/>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Martin+Luther+on+the+Book+of+Tobit&source=bl&ots=o2f-ODSQ5i&sig=5akAGrPB7QUCRHbiEqqWxg5Egek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hqmUVLrgM8_4yQS19IGgAw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Martin%20Luther%20on%20the%20Book%20of%20Tobit&f=false Martin Luther's Table Talk, by Martin Luther, translated by William Hazlitt, Alexander Chalmers. Bell & Daldy, 1872. pages 11-13] (books.google.com)</ref> When [[Protestantism|Protestant leaders]] approached the leaders of the separated [[Orthodox Church]] with their revised canon of 66 books, they were rebuffed. [[Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy in the east]] was never confronted with a need to officially define the canon of the Bible and has continued to use the Septuagint as passed down from the time of the apostles of the ancient Church in the 1st century to the present day. The 1611 [[King James Bible]], put together after the [[Church of England]] had broken away from the Catholic Church under [[Henry VIII]] ([[Act of Supremacy]] 1534), included the 7 Old Testament deuterocanonical books and the deuterocanonical parts of the 2 other canonical books, but removed them from the Old Testament and placed them in a separate section, and the Church of England continued to use the deuterocanonicals in the liturgy until forbidden by the [[Long Parliament]] in 1644.<ref>[http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/first-civil-war/oxford-parliament Oxford Parliament 1644-45] (bcw-project.org), <br/>[http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml The Puritan Ban on Christmas, by Martha Doe] (timetravel-britain.com), <br/>[http://www.sonlightclass.com/Notes/CanonOfScripture/2012-12-02.pdf Canon of Scripture] (sonlightclass.com/Notes/CanonOfScripture/2012-12-02)</ref>  By the 1800s [[Protestant]] Bibles began to omit some of the deuterocanonical books altogether as ''The Apocrypha'', while retaining the other deuterocanonicals, Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude and Revelation. In 1885 the Oxford University Press, pressured by Protestant groups, officially removed the Apocrypha, excluding it from all subsequent Oxford printed editions of the King James Version of the Bible, but still making it available as a separate collection in a separate volume.<ref>[http://www.handsonapologetics.com/King%20James%20Bible.html The "Inconvenient Tale" of the Original King James Bible, By Gary Michuta] (handsonapologetics.com)</ref> However, more recently (1973) Oxford began publishing some editions of the Oxford Annotated Bible which also include the apocryphal and deuterocanonical books used by the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek and Slavonic Orthodox Churches, as well as churches of the Anglican Communion (including The Episcopal Church); these editions are titled "''[New] Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha''"; also available are ''English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha'' and ''The New English Bible: With the Apocrypha (Oxford Study Edition)''.<ref>See also [http://www.tyndalearchive.com/scriptures/index.htm Tyndale Archive: Index to English Translations of the Bible (more than 100 versions)]. This source lists the following Bibles with Apocrypha (listed here in chronological order):

The meaning of the term "deuterocanonical" is therefore not identical with "apocryphal". For the Catholic Church, a formal [[Dogma|dogmatic]] proclamation was made at the [[Council of Trent]], that the Bible the Church had been using and the books it contained "with all their parts" was correct, in reaction to the [[Protestant Reformation]]'s rejection of 7 of the deuterocanonical works as [[apocrypha]], together with those parts of 2 other canonical books which had been long debated (parts of Esther and Daniel). However, [[1 Esdras]], [[2 Esdras]] and [[Prayer of Manasseh]] were not included in the canon of the Catholic Bible defined by the Council of Trent, although they were part of the Vulgate, but they were subsequently placed in an appendix to the definitive [[Clementine Vulgate]], "''lest they be lost altogether''". This definitively closed 1400 years of intermittant debate over the traditional canon of the Bible in the Catholic Church, and declared henceforth [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/anathema ''anathema'' (cursed)] any one who persisted in holding any dissenting opinion in the matter <ref>"But if any one receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberately contemn the traditions aforesaid; let him be anathema."[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct04.html The Council of Trent. The Fourth Session. The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent, Trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 17-21. <nowiki>[Page 17]</nowiki> SESSION THE FOURTH Celebrated on the eighth day of the month of April, in the year MDXLVI. DECREE CONCERNING THE CANONICAL SCRIPTURES]</ref> (''see'' [http://biblehub.com/multi/1_corinthians/16-22.htm 1 Corinthians 16:22]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=galatians%201:6-9&version=KJV Galatians 1:6-9]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans%2013:1-2&version=KJV Romans 13:1-2]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=hebrews%2013:17&version=KJV Hebrews 13:17]; [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2peter%201:20&version=KJV 2 Peter 1:20] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2peter%203:16-17&version=KJV 3:16-17]; [http://biblehub.com/multi/jude/1-8.htm Jude 8], [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=jude%201:16-19&version=KJV 16-19]; [http://biblehub.com/multi/revelation/22-19.htm  Revelation 22:19]). [[Martin Luther]] had initially placed 4 of the New Testament deuterocanonical books in an appendix after the New Testament of his German Bible, judging them to be unscriptural and hostile to the gospel of Christ: Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation.<ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html Luther's Treatment of the 'Disputed Books' of the New Testament] (bible-researcher.com/antilegomena)<br/>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Martin+Luther+on+the+Book+of+Tobit&source=bl&ots=o2f-ODSQ5i&sig=5akAGrPB7QUCRHbiEqqWxg5Egek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hqmUVLrgM8_4yQS19IGgAw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Martin%20Luther%20on%20the%20Book%20of%20Tobit&f=false Martin Luther's Table Talk, by Martin Luther, translated by William Hazlitt, Alexander Chalmers. Bell & Daldy, 1872. pages 11-13] (books.google.com)</ref><ref name=Luther/> When [[Protestantism|Protestant leaders]] approached the leaders of the separated [[Orthodox Church]] with their revised canon of 66 books, they were rebuffed. [[Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy in the east]] was never confronted with a need to officially define the canon of the Bible and has continued to use the Septuagint as passed down from the time of the apostles of the ancient Church in the 1st century to the present day. The 1611 [[King James Bible]], put together after the [[Church of England]] had broken away from the Catholic Church under [[Henry VIII]] ([[Act of Supremacy]] 1534), included the 7 Old Testament deuterocanonical books and the deuterocanonical parts of the 2 other canonical books, but removed them from the Old Testament and placed them in a separate section, and the Church of England continued to use the deuterocanonicals in the liturgy until forbidden by the [[Long Parliament]] in 1644.<ref>[http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/first-civil-war/oxford-parliament Oxford Parliament 1644-45] (bcw-project.org), <br/>[http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/christmas/ban.shtml The Puritan Ban on Christmas, by Martha Doe] (timetravel-britain.com), <br/>[http://www.sonlightclass.com/Notes/CanonOfScripture/2012-12-02.pdf Canon of Scripture] (sonlightclass.com/Notes/CanonOfScripture/2012-12-02)</ref>  By the 1800s [[Protestant]] Bibles began to omit some of the deuterocanonical books altogether as ''The Apocrypha'', while retaining the other deuterocanonicals, Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude and Revelation. In 1885 the Oxford University Press, pressured by Protestant groups, officially removed the Apocrypha, excluding it from all subsequent Oxford printed editions of the King James Version of the Bible, but still making it available as a separate collection in a separate volume.<ref>[http://www.handsonapologetics.com/King%20James%20Bible.html The "Inconvenient Tale" of the Original King James Bible, By Gary Michuta] (handsonapologetics.com)</ref> However, more recently (1973) Oxford began publishing some editions of the Oxford Annotated Bible which also include the apocryphal and deuterocanonical books used by the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek and Slavonic Orthodox Churches, as well as churches of the Anglican Communion (including The Episcopal Church); these editions are titled "''[New] Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha''"; also available are ''English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha'' and ''The New English Bible: With the Apocrypha (Oxford Study Edition)''.<ref>See also [http://www.tyndalearchive.com/scriptures/index.htm Tyndale Archive: Index to English Translations of the Bible (more than 100 versions)]. This source lists the following Bibles with Apocrypha (listed here in chronological order):

:c. 200 BC, Septuagint - LXX - the earliest version of the Old Testament scriptures, includes the Apocrypha

:c. 200 BC, Septuagint - LXX - the earliest version of the Old Testament scriptures, includes the Apocrypha

:1540, Coverdale Bible - TCB - includes the Apocrypha

:1540, Coverdale Bible - TCB - includes the Apocrypha

Orthodox Christians do not usually speak of "the canon of Scripture" but do think of the writings as "canonical", the difference being that the canonical writings are judged as being faithful to the dogma of the Church.  The Orthodox Church has never defined the Old Testament canon, but they have been using the same one since the early times of the Church. The Orthodox Old Testament canonical books are these:

Orthodox Christians do not usually speak of "the canon of Scripture" but do think of the writings as "canonical", the difference being that the canonical writings are judged as being faithful to the dogma of the Church.  The Orthodox Church has never defined the Old Testament canon, but they have been using the same one since the early times of the Church. The Orthodox Old Testament canonical books are these:

*GENESIS

*1 GENESIS

*EXODUS

*2 EXODUS

*LEVITICUS

*3 LEVITICUS

*NUMBERS

*4 NUMBERS

*DEUTERONOMY

*5 DEUTERONOMY

*JOSHUA OF NAVI

*6 JOSHUA OF NAVI

*JUDGES

*7 JUDGES

*RUTH

*8 RUTH

*KINGS I (1 Samuel)

*9 KINGS I (1 Samuel)

*KINGS II (2 Samuel)

*10 KINGS II (2 Samuel)

*KINGS III (1 Kings)

*11 KINGS III (1 Kings)

*KINGS IV (2 Kings)

*12 KINGS IV (2 Kings)

*CHRONICLES I

*13 CHRONICLES I

*CHRONICLES II

*14 CHRONICLES II

*ESDRAS I (1 Esdras)

*15 ESDRAS I (1 Esdras)

*ESDRAS II (Ezra)

*16 ESDRAS II (Ezra)

*NEHEMIAH

*17 NEHEMIAH

*TOBIT

*18 TOBIT

*JUDITH

*19 JUDITH

*ESTHER

*20 ESTHER

*MACCABEES I

*21 MACCABEES I

*MACCABEES II

*22 MACCABEES II

*MACCABEES III

*23 MACCABEES III

*PSALMS (Psalm 150 with appended Psalm 151)

*24 PSALMS (Psalm 150 with appended Psalm 151)

*JOB

*25 JOB

*PROVERBS OF SOLOMON

*26 PROVERBS OF SOLOMON

*ECCLESIASTES

*27 ECCLESIASTES

*SONG OF SONGS

*28 SONG OF SONGS

*WISDOM OF SOLOMON

*29 WISDOM OF SOLOMON

*WISDOM OF SIRACH

*30 WISDOM OF SIRACH

*OSEE (Hosea)

*31 OSEE (Hosea)

*AMOS

*32 AMOS

*MICHAEAS (Micah)

*33 MICHAEAS (Micah)

*JOEL

*34 JOEL

*OBDIAS (Obadiah)

*35 OBDIAS (Obadiah)

*JONAS

*36 JONAS

*NAUM (Nahum)

*37 NAUM (Nahum)

*AMBACUM (Habakkuk)

*38 AMBACUM (Habakkuk)

*SOPHONIAS (Zephaniah)

*39 SOPHONIAS (Zephaniah)

*AGGAEUS (Haggai)

*40 AGGAEUS (Haggai)

*ZACHARIAS

*41 ZACHARIAS

*MALACHIAS

*42 MALACHIAS

*ESAIAS (Isaiah)

*43 ESAIAS (Isaiah)

*JEREMIAS

*44 JEREMIAS

*BARUCH

*45 BARUCH

*LAMENTATIONS OF JEREMIAS

*46 LAMENTATIONS OF JEREMIAS

*EPISTLE OF JEREMIAS

*47 EPISTLE OF JEREMIAS

*JEZEKIEL (Ezekiel)

*48 JEZEKIEL (Ezekiel)

*SUSANNA

*49 SUSANNA

*DANIEL

*50 DANIEL

*MACCABEES IV - APPENDIX  

*MACCABEES IV - APPENDIX