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additional information on the "Apostolic Fathers" writings highly regarded before the proposed Biblical canon of the Councils of Hippo 393 and Carthage 397, with links
The [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian churches]] continued to use the Greek Septuagint from the 1st century to this day. The Western Church of [[Catholicism]] commissioned a Latin translation from [[Saint Jerome]] in the early 5th century which came to be known as the [[Vulgate]]. It remains the official Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) Bible, and as a translation of the Hebrew is an important witness to earlier readings of the pre-Masoretic Hebrew text.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=Vulgat+witness+to+Hebrew+text&source=bl&ots=B4YaN19NkF&sig=Cktx0t4xtMerH3AHA2TDFLcqR-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Y-cVNabAYuAygSFtYGYAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Vulgat%20witness%20to%20Hebrew%20text&f=false Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective Craig A. Evans, Emanuel Tov, Baker Academic, Oct 1, 2008. 272 pages] (Google eBook)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/3596676/Short_Notes_on_LXX_and_Vulgate_Lam_1_1 Gideon Kotzé (University of Stellenbosch) SHORT NOTES ON THE VALUE OF THE SEPTUAGINT AND VULGATE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LAMENTATIONS 1:1] Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/1 (2010), pp.77-93 75.</ref>
The [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian churches]] continued to use the Greek Septuagint from the 1st century to this day. The Western Church of [[Catholicism]] commissioned a Latin translation from [[Saint Jerome]] in the early 5th century which came to be known as the [[Vulgate]]. It remains the official Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) Bible, and as a translation of the Hebrew is an important witness to earlier readings of the pre-Masoretic Hebrew text.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=Vulgat+witness+to+Hebrew+text&source=bl&ots=B4YaN19NkF&sig=Cktx0t4xtMerH3AHA2TDFLcqR-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Y-cVNabAYuAygSFtYGYAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Vulgat%20witness%20to%20Hebrew%20text&f=false Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective Craig A. Evans, Emanuel Tov, Baker Academic, Oct 1, 2008. 272 pages] (Google eBook)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/3596676/Short_Notes_on_LXX_and_Vulgate_Lam_1_1 Gideon Kotzé (University of Stellenbosch) SHORT NOTES ON THE VALUE OF THE SEPTUAGINT AND VULGATE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LAMENTATIONS 1:1] Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/1 (2010), pp.77-93 75.</ref>
The Biblical [[New Testament]] was taking shape by the end of the first century when the [[Gospels]] and the letters of [[Paul]] were already being circulated. The heretic [[Marcion]] attempted to remove some books around 140 A.D., showing that there was already a grouping of books that were accepted as authentic. Twenty of the 27 books of the New Testament were accepted early in the history of Christianity, while the other seven that make up the Scriptures were subjects of dispute by a minority of biblical scholars. When [[Constantine]] first made Christianity a legal religion in the [[Roman Empire]] in the early 300s, he called together leading Christians from the East and West parts of the empire to iron out the principles of Christianity, including cementing the canon. Subsequent councils such as the Council of Hippo (393) and the Third Council of Carthage (397), dealt with minor questions of authenticity, and set forth the first-ever listing of all 27 books of the New Testament, and 46 books of the Old Testament, a canon of 73 books of the Bible, which quickly gained acceptance and remained unchanged for 1200 years. Still, 7 books of the Old Testament (and parts of 2 other books) and 7 books of the New Testament, 14 total, while accepted by the majority of Christian scholars and church leaders as part of the Biblical canon, continued to be debated by a minority of independent scholars, from the 4th through the 16th centuries, many of them quoting from the disputed books as if they were authoritative scripture.<ref>[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation, William Webster.] This article provides extensive translations of the writings of many of the major Western theologians from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries on their view of the Canon for the first time in English.<br/>See also [http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerome.html Jerome on the Canon] (bible-researcher.com)</ref> Since the 16th century these 14 books have been designated ''deuterocanonical'', as distinct from the ''protocanonical'' books universally accepted without debate from the 1st century of the church. The deuterocanonical Old Testament scriptural texts are:
The Biblical [[New Testament]] was taking shape by the end of the first century when the [[Gospels]] and the letters of [[Paul]] were already being circulated. The heretic [[Marcion]] attempted to remove some books around 140 A.D., showing that there was already a grouping of books that were accepted as authentic.<ref name=Marcion>[http://www.ntcanon.org/Marcion.shtml Marcion: Development of the New Testament Canon]</ref> Twenty of the 27 books of the New Testament were accepted early in the history of Christianity, while the other seven that make up the Scriptures were subjects of dispute by a minority of biblical scholars. Other writings of the late A.D. 1st century and of the 2nd century, by disciples of the apostles and others who were shepherds of the early church, such as Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch, were highly esteemed, and many were regarded as scripture. They represent the ancient orthodox church as opposed to other elements of ancient Christianity such as [[Gnosticism]]. The most important of these are:
* 1 [[Clement of Rome]] (c. 96)
* Epistles of [[Ignatius of Antioch]] (c. 105–116)
:To the Ephesians
:To the Magnesians
:To the Trallians
:To the Romans
:To the Philadelphians
:To the Smyrnaeans
:To Polycarp
* Epistle of [[Polycarp]] to the Philadelphians (c. 130)
* Epistle of Barnabas (c. 130)
* Didache (''The Teaching of the Twelve'') (c. 100–150)
* 2 Clement (c. 150)
* The Martyrdom of Polycarp (c. 150)
* The [[Shepherd of Hermas]]: Visions, Similitudes and Mandates (150)
* Epistle to Diognetus
* Fragments of [[Papias]] <ref>[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html ICLnet Internet Christian Library. Guide to Early Church Documents] (iclnet.org)<br/>[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/churchfathers.html Early Christian Writings. Church Fathers] (earlychristianwritings.com)<br/>[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/tixeront/section1-1.html A Handbook of Patrology by J. Tizeront] (earlychristianwritings.com/tixeront)<br/>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01637a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostolic Fathers] (newadvent.org)</ref>
When [[Constantine]] first made Christianity a legal religion in the [[Roman Empire]] in the early 300s, he called together leading Christians from the East and West parts of the empire to iron out the principles of Christianity, including cementing the canon. Subsequent councils such as the Council of Hippo (393) and the Third Council of Carthage (397), dealt with minor questions of authenticity, and set forth the first-ever listing of all 27 books of the New Testament, and 46 books of the Old Testament, a canon of 73 books of the Bible, which quickly gained acceptance and remained unchanged for 1200 years. Still, 7 books of the Old Testament (and parts of 2 other books) and 7 books of the New Testament, 14 total, while accepted by the majority of Christian scholars and church leaders as part of the Biblical canon, continued to be debated by a minority of independent scholars, from the 4th through the 16th centuries, many of them quoting from the disputed books as if they were authoritative scripture.<ref>[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation, William Webster.] This article provides extensive translations of the writings of many of the major Western theologians from the fifth to the sixteenth centuries on their view of the Canon for the first time in English.<br/>See also [http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerome.html Jerome on the Canon] (bible-researcher.com)</ref> Since the 16th century these 14 books have been designated ''deuterocanonical'', as distinct from the ''protocanonical'' books universally accepted without debate from the 1st century of the church. The deuterocanonical Old Testament scriptural texts are:
*[[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]
*[[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]
*[[Book of Judith|Judith]]
*[[Book of Judith|Judith]]
*50 DANIEL
*50 DANIEL
*MACCABEES IV - APPENDIX
*MACCABEES IV - APPENDIX
4 Esdras (2 Esdras), a Jewish apocalypse written in Latin around the end of A.D. 1st century or beginning of the 2nd century, was never part of the Greek Old Testament, and was included in the Old Latin Bible in the west and placed into an appedix to the Vulgate.<ref>[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/2esdras.html Early Jewish Writings. Second Esdras]</ref>
===Canon of Marcion (Heretic)===
Marcion rejected the entire Old Testament.<ref name=Marcion/> After pruning and editorial adjustment, he accepted the following Christian writings in this order:
*Gospel according to Luke
*Galatians
*I Corinthians
*II Corinthians
*Romans
*I Thessalonians
*II Thessalonians
*Ephesians (which Marcion called Laodiceans)
*Colossians
*Philemon
*Philippians
===Ethiopic Orthodox canon (A.D. c. 4th century)===
===Ethiopic Orthodox canon (A.D. c. 4th century)===
*23 Ezra/Nehemia
*23 Ezra/Nehemia
*24 Chronicles - Divrei Hayamim
*24 Chronicles - Divrei Hayamim
===Christian New Testament canon proposed by Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397)===
This was the first Biblical canon of Christianity which listed the 27 books of the New Testament which are accepted by all Christian believers to this day.
*1 The Gospel According to Matthew
*2 The Gospel According to John
*3 The Gospel According to Mark
*4 The Gospel According to Luke
*5 The Acts of the Apostles
*6 Epistle of Paul to the Romans
*7 First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians
*8 Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians
*9 Epistle of Paul to the Galatians
*10 Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians
*11 Epistle of Paul to the Philippians
*12 Epistle of Paul to the Colossians
*13 First Epistle of Paul to the Thessalonians
*14 Second Epistle of Paul to the Thessalonians
*15 First Epistle of Paul to Timothy
*16 Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy
*17 Epistle of Paul to Titus
*18 Epistle of Paul to Philemon
*19 Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews (disputed, and authorship by Paul has been disputed to this day)
*20 Epistle General of James
*21 First Epistle of Peter
*22 Second Epistle of Peter (disputed)
*23 First Epistle of John
*24 Second Epistle of John (disputed)
*25 Third Epistle of John (disputed)
*26 Epistle of Jude
*27 The Apocalypse of John, or The Revelation to John (disputed)
These scriptures, written in Greek, translated into Latin, were included with the canon of 46 books of the Septuagint Old Testament, translated into Latin, as one canon of scripture, 73 books of the Christian Bible.
Psalm 151 (''a supernumerary psalm of David''), 3 Esdras (1 Esdras), 4 Esdras (2 Esdras), the Prayer of Manasseh, and 3 Maccabees and 4 Maccabees were not listed in the canon. Psalm 151, and 3 Maccabees, with 4 Maccabees appended, included in the Greek Bible, were not part of the text of the Old Latin Bible and the Vulgate, and were not listed in the canon. 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras (''which had not been part of the Greek Bible''), and Prayer of Manasseh, while they were part of the Old Latin Bible and the Vulgate, also were not listed in the canon.
===Protestant Old Testament canon (16th century)===
===Protestant Old Testament canon (16th century)===