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|p=Cíxǐ Tàihòu
|p=Cíxǐ Tàihòu
|w=Tz'u-Hsi T'ai-hou
|w=Tz'u-Hsi T'ai-hou
}}During the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s and 1870s, the government was led by the reformist Prince Gong. The Taiping rebels were defeated and attempts were made to modernize the army as well as other sectors of society. However, the imperial bureaucracy continued to be dominated by Mandarins with little knowledge of the modern world. The Mandarins were selected through examinations that tested knowledge of such archaic subjects as [[Classical Chinese]] and Confucian scripture.
}}During the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s and 1870s, the government was led by the reformist Prince Gong. The Taiping rebels were defeated and attempts were made to modernize the army as well as other sectors of society. The imperial bureaucracy, the core of the Qing state, was untouched by reform. It continued to be dominated by Mandarins with little knowledge or interest in the modern world. Mandarins were selected through examinations that tested knowledge of such archaic subjects as [[Classical Chinese]] and Confucian scripture.
After Cixi became sole regent in 1881, Prince Gong's influence declined. Cixi retired as regent in 1889 and took up residence at the Summer Palace outside Beijing. China's defeat by Japan in 1895 inspired a reformist movement led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. During the "Hundred Days of Reform" in 1898, Guangxu issued numerous edicts inspired by reformist officials. Conservatives appealed to Cixi, who staged a coup that restored her authority. After the coup, Cixi kept the emperor confined at the Forbidden City. His life was saved only by the intervention of foreign powers.
After Cixi became sole regent in 1881, Prince Gong's influence declined. Cixi retired as regent in 1889 and took up residence at the Summer Palace outside Beijing. China's defeat by Japan in 1895 inspired a reformist movement led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. During the "Hundred Days of Reform" in 1898, Guangxu issued numerous edicts inspired by reformist officials. Conservatives appealed to Cixi, who staged a coup that restored her authority. After the coup, Cixi kept the emperor confined at the Forbidden City. His life was saved only by the intervention of foreign powers.