Changes

In [[England]], the government required the press to be [[license]]d and regulated what could be printed. The Star Chamber punished criticism of the [[King]] as [[sedition|seditious]] [[libel]], even if the criticism was true.  In 1695, the English [[Parliament]] allowed the press licensing laws to lapse, and in the 1770s, the crown failed to convict a number of authors for libel.

In [[England]], the government required the press to be [[license]]d and regulated what could be printed. The Star Chamber punished criticism of the [[King]] as [[sedition|seditious]] [[libel]], even if the criticism was true.  In 1695, the English [[Parliament]] allowed the press licensing laws to lapse, and in the 1770s, the crown failed to convict a number of authors for libel.

In 1776, the [[Virginia]] colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence "The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments." Eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges.  When the [[Constitutional Convention]] drafted the original Constitution, the proposal was criticized for failing to include a [[Bill of Rights]].  So the First Congress drafted the Bill of Rights (including a provision for Freedom of the Press) and sent it to the states for [[ratification]].

In 1776, the [[Virginia]] colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence "The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments." Eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges.  When the [[Constitutional Convention]] drafted the original Constitution, the proposal was criticized for failing to include a [[Bill of Rights]].  So the First Congress drafted the Bill of Rights (including a provision for freedom of the press) and sent it to the states for [[ratification]].

As with freedom of speech, freedom of the press is not an unlimited right and the contours have been interpreted by court cases.  In ''[[Near v. Minnesota]]'' (1931),<ref>''[[Near v. Minnesota]]'' 283 U.S. 697 (1931)</ref> the Supreme Court rejected [[prior restraint]] (pre-publication censorship) as prohibited by the First Amendment. In this case, the [[Minnesota]] [[legislature]] passed a [[statute]] allowing [[court]]s to shut down "malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspapers", allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told "with good motives and for justifiable ends".<ref>Lewis, Anthony (2007). Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. Basic Books. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-465-03917-3. OCLC 173659591</ref> In a 5–4 decision, the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states, rejecting the statute as unconstitutional.

As with freedom of speech, freedom of the press is not an unlimited right and the contours have been interpreted by court cases.  In ''[[Near v. Minnesota]]'' (1931),<ref>''[[Near v. Minnesota]]'' 283 U.S. 697 (1931)</ref> the Supreme Court rejected [[prior restraint]] (pre-publication censorship) as prohibited by the First Amendment. In this case, the [[Minnesota]] [[legislature]] passed a [[statute]] allowing [[court]]s to shut down "malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspapers", allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told "with good motives and for justifiable ends".<ref>Lewis, Anthony (2007). Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. Basic Books. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-465-03917-3. OCLC 173659591</ref> In a 5–4 decision, the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states, rejecting the statute as unconstitutional.

<blockquote>"The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. [[Seizure]] may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences."</blockquote>

<blockquote>"The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. [[Seizure]] may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences."</blockquote>

The Constitution allows the [[warrant]]less [[confiscation]] of [[periodicals]] in cases of absolute urgency, when the Judiciary cannot timely intervene, on the condition that a judicial hearing must be obtained within 24 hours. Article 21 Paragraph 6 also restraint of publications considered offensive by [[public morality]]::

The Constitution allows the [[warrant]]less [[confiscation]] of [[periodicals]] in cases of absolute urgency, when the Judiciary cannot timely intervene, on the condition that a judicial hearing must be obtained within 24 hours. Article 21 Paragraph 6 also restraint of publications considered offensive by [[public morality]]:

<blockquote>"Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law."</blockquote>

<blockquote>"Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law."</blockquote>