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| − | '''Sanskrit''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language that dates to about the 5th century B.C. It is also the language in which the [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] [[Sutra]] and [[Shastra]] [[scripture]]s and all of the major classical texts of [[Ayurvedic medicine]] were written. | + | '''Sanskrit''' (संस्कृतम् or saṃskṛtam or saṃskṛtā) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language that dates from somewhere between 1500–600 [[B.C.]] (for [[Vedas|Vedic]] Sanskrit). It is also the language in which the [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] [[Sutra]] and [[Shastra]] [[scripture]]s and all of the major classical texts of [[Ayurvedic medicine]] were written. More recently, the [[Jain]] scriptures have been written in Sanskrit. |
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| | Although it is no longer spoken in daily life except among Ayurvedic physicians and scholars in India, it is still used for religious purposes by Hindus and Buddhists who either recite certain scriptures and [[mantra]]s in Sanskrit even if they do not know the meanings since they are taught that such recitation induces [[meditation|meditative]] states called [[samadhi]]. | | Although it is no longer spoken in daily life except among Ayurvedic physicians and scholars in India, it is still used for religious purposes by Hindus and Buddhists who either recite certain scriptures and [[mantra]]s in Sanskrit even if they do not know the meanings since they are taught that such recitation induces [[meditation|meditative]] states called [[samadhi]]. |
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| | During the [[Tang dynasty]] in [[China]] there were vast [[Emperor]]-sponsored facilities dedicated to the massive project of translating thousands of volumes of Buddhist texts from Devanagari and Siddham-based Sanskrit to [[Hanzi]] traditional characters. These Hanzi characters are the [[Chinese]] script used continuously since the [[Han dynasty]] (hence [[Han]]-zi) until [[Chairman Mao]] forced China to switch to simplified characters so they could only read [[Communist]] works. During the Tang, [[Kumarajiva]] was one of the most famous translators. When Kumarajiva's Sanskrit translations made from [[Chinese]], [[Korean]] and [[Japanese]] into modern English are compared with the more recently made translations direct from Sanskrit to Engish, there is a high degree of similarity. | | During the [[Tang dynasty]] in [[China]] there were vast [[Emperor]]-sponsored facilities dedicated to the massive project of translating thousands of volumes of Buddhist texts from Devanagari and Siddham-based Sanskrit to [[Hanzi]] traditional characters. These Hanzi characters are the [[Chinese]] script used continuously since the [[Han dynasty]] (hence [[Han]]-zi) until [[Chairman Mao]] forced China to switch to simplified characters so they could only read [[Communist]] works. During the Tang, [[Kumarajiva]] was one of the most famous translators. When Kumarajiva's Sanskrit translations made from [[Chinese]], [[Korean]] and [[Japanese]] into modern English are compared with the more recently made translations direct from Sanskrit to Engish, there is a high degree of similarity. |
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| | + | Only a portion of the Buddhist sutras and shastras were translated into [[Tibetan]] during the 7th to the 15th centuries and into Chinese during the 2nd to the 11th centuries [[A.D.]]. |
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| | ==Ayurvedic Medicine and Sanskrit== | | ==Ayurvedic Medicine and Sanskrit== |
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| | * [[Latin]] | | * [[Latin]] |
| | * [[Ayurvedic medicine]] | | * [[Ayurvedic medicine]] |
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| | + | ==Further reading== |
| | + | * Goldman, Robert P., ''Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language''. Centre for South Asia Studies, [[University of California, Berkeley]], 1999. |
| | + | * Kale, M. R. (Moreshwar Ramchandra). ''[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/KALEScan/disp1/index1.php?sfx=png A Higher Sanskrit Grammar]''. [[Delhi]], Motilal Banarsidass, 1988, 1894. |
| | + | * Monier-Williams, Monier, ''A Practical Grammar Of The Sanskrit Language Arranged With Reference To The Classical Languages Of Europe For The Use Of English Students''. W. H. Allen & co., 1846. [http://books.google.com/?id=REQhAAAAMAAJ Google Books] |
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| | + | ==External Links== |
| | + | * [http://www.dsbcproject.org/ Dsbcproject.org Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon at University of the West] |
| | + | * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm Sanskrit texts at Sacred Text Archive] |
| | + | * [http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner] |
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |