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additional information, and links. Source materials combined, synthesized, condensed and partially corrected and rewritten. Needs more work.
In printed editions of the [[King James Bible]] in the 16th through early 20th centuries these separated texts of the Apocrypha are given the following titles:<ref>''A. D. 1611 King James Version and Revised Version of A. D. 1881 arranged in parallel columns'', O. A. Browning & Co., Toledo, Ohio, Potter, Chase & Co., Kansas City, MO, J. H. Buckmaster, Toledo, Ohio, 1881.</ref>
In printed editions of the [[King James Bible]] in the 16th through early 20th centuries these separated texts of the Apocrypha are given the following titles:<ref>''A. D. 1611 King James Version and Revised Version of A. D. 1881 arranged in parallel columns'', O. A. Browning & Co., Toledo, Ohio, Potter, Chase & Co., Kansas City, MO, J. H. Buckmaster, Toledo, Ohio, 1881.</ref>
*[[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children|"'''The Song of the Three Holy Children'''. Which followeth in the third Chapter of Daniel after this place—''fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.'' That which followeth is not in the Hebrew, to wit, ''and they walked....'' unto these words, ''Then Nebuchadnezzar...'' verse 24."]] (62 verses) <ref name=notHebrew>"not in the Hebrew"<br/>—A major portion of the canonical Book of Daniel which is accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible is also not in the [[Hebrew]], but in [[Aramaic]]: Daniel 2:4–7:28. <br/>—Major portions of the canonical Book of Ezra which are accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible are also not in the Hebrew, but in Aramaic: Ezra 4:7–6:18; 7:12-26.<br/>—Other minor portions of the Old Testament which are accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible were penned in Aramaic, not Hebrew: Jeremiah 10:11; and two words in Genesis 31:47.<br/>See the following:
*[[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children|"'''The Song of the Three Holy Children'''. Which followeth in the third Chapter of Daniel after this place—''fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.'' That which followeth is not in the Hebrew, to wit, ''and they walked....'' unto these words, ''Then Nebuchadnezzar...'' verse 24."]] (62 verses) <ref name=notHebrew>"not in the Hebrew"<br/>—A major portion of the canonical Book of Daniel which is accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible is also not in the [[Hebrew]], but in [[Aramaic]]: Daniel 2:4–7:28. <br/>—Major portions of the canonical Book of Ezra—which are accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible—are also not in the Hebrew, but in Aramaic: Ezra 4:7–6:18; 7:12-26.<br/>—Other minor portions of the Old Testament which are accepted as inspired and canonical in the Protestant Bible were penned in Aramaic, not Hebrew: Jeremiah 10:11; and two words in Genesis 31:47.<br/>See the following:
*[http://www.biblica.com/en-us/bible/bible-faqs/in-what-language-was-the-bible-first-written/ Biblica: Transforming lives through God's Word. In what language was the Bible first written?] (biblica.com)
*[http://www.biblica.com/en-us/bible/bible-faqs/in-what-language-was-the-bible-first-written/ Biblica: Transforming lives through God's Word. In what language was the Bible first written?] (biblica.com)
*[http://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/5217/why-is-daniel-chapter-24-728-written-in-aramaic Why is Daniel chapter 2:4—7:28 written in Aramaic?] (hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions)
*[http://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/5217/why-is-daniel-chapter-24-728-written-in-aramaic Why is Daniel chapter 2:4—7:28 written in Aramaic?] (hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions)
The following chapter summaries are from the Douay-Rheims Bible.
The following chapter summaries are from the Douay-Rheims Bible.
Part one, historical narratives:
Part one, historical narratives:
:(1) Daniel and his companions are taken into the palace of the king of Babylon: they abstain from his meat and wine, and succeed better with pulse and water. Their excellence and wisdom.
:(1) Daniel and his companions are taken into the palace of the king of Babylon: they abstain from his meat and wine, and succeed better with pulse and water. Their excellence and wisdom.
==Dispute on Authorship==
==Dispute on Authorship==
Due to the fact that the book contains prophecies that were fulfilled in the 4th century BC, many [[modernist]] scholars have asserted that this book was not written by Daniel the 6th century BC, but by a later person. However, both Scriptural and textual arguments support the traditional view.<ref name="d"/>
Due to the fact that the book contains prophecies that were fulfilled in the 4th century BC, many [[modernist]] scholars have asserted that this book was not written by Daniel the 6th century BC, but by a later person. However, both Scriptural and textual arguments support the traditional view.<ref name="d"/>
Additionally, findings in the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] dating to the 2nd century BC referred to Daniel as a prophet, which supports the traditional view, as it is unlikely that Daniel would have been accepted as a prophet had the book been written several years previously rather than several centuries previously.<ref>[http://www.harvardhouse.com/Daniel_date-written.htm When was Daniel Written? Evidence Supporting 6th Century BCE Authorship Date After Removing Naturalist Bias]</ref>
Additionally, findings in the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] dating to the 2nd century BC referred to Daniel as a prophet, which supports the traditional view, as it is unlikely that Daniel would have been accepted as a prophet had the book been written several years previously rather than several centuries previously.<ref>[http://www.harvardhouse.com/Daniel_date-written.htm When was Daniel Written? Evidence Supporting 6th Century BCE Authorship Date After Removing Naturalist Bias]</ref>
==Dispute on canonicity==
Dr. John Oakes <ref>See [http://evidenceforchristianity.org/about/ About Dr. Oakes.] PhD in chemical physics.</ref> represents the view of many Christians who reject the rabbinical additions to Daniel as not inspired or reliable "for at least three reasons".
:1. The Jews, the arbiters of the Old Testament canon do not include them.
:2. The additions were most likely not even originally in Hebrew or Aramaic and
:3. The actual content does not have the marks of inspired writing.
===First objection: The Jews did not accept them===
This presents a problem. If the Jews have been so entrusted with the word of God that they had therefore been given the divine authority to determine the ''canon'' of sacred scripture, then the whole New Testament is excluded from the canon of the holy Bible because it does not meet established rabbinical criteria for what is sacred inspired scripture.
===Second objection: They were not written in Hebrew===
In response to the rise of the Christian sect and the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70, Jewish rabbis at the [[Council of Jamnia]] (some say there was no such council <ref>[https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/otesources/00-introduction/text/articles/newman-canonjamnia-wtj.pdf Westminster Theological Journal 38.4 (Spring 1976) 319-348. Copyright © 1976 by Westminster Theological Seminary. THE COUNCIL OF JAMNIA AND THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON, by Robert C. Newman] (faculty.gordon.edu)</ref>) in A.D. 90 discussed rejecting the Septuagint ''which Christians were using with great effect'' in favor of selected Hebrew language scriptural texts, omitting certain books such as [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]], [[Judith]], [[Maccabees]], [[Book of Sirach|Sirach]], and [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] (some of these originally written in Hebrew and/or Aramaic <ref name=notHebrew/><ref name=HebrewAramaic>"some of these originally written in Hebrew and/or Aramaic". Discoveries of Hebrew and Aramaic manucripts of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]], [[Book of Sirach|ben Sira (Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus)]], [[Epistle of Jeremiah]] in the caves at [[Qumran]] near the [[Dead Sea]], the "[[Dead Sea Scrolls]]", demonstrate that a Hebrew or Aramaic origin of a text included in the Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures in the Septuagint accepted by Christians was not the sole criterion for inclusion or exclusion in the Hebrew canon, but included consideration of evidence of content which supported Christian doctrine. Linguistic evidence shows that other Septuagint books which were excluded by rabbinical authority after A.D. 90 certainly had an original Hebrew or Aramaic text. See
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/apocrypha.html Jewish Virtual Library. Jewish Holy Scriptures: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, by Michael E. Stone]
*[http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_102_ApocryphaBackground.pdf BACKGROUND AND HISTORY TO THE APOCRYPHA, By David Phillips] Article reprinted from Cross†Way Issue Autumn 2006 No. 102 (archive.churchsociety.org)
*[http://churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/misc/apocrypha/iss_doctrine_misc_apocrypha_origin.asp The Origin of the Apocrypha]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dtlDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=apocryphal+books+having+evidence+of+hebrew+or+aramaic+origin&source=bl&ots=CkMPwQMciG&sig=y6w4tnI_wvIqyzCWqCoN3xo8mvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VGGcVP2RH4r2yQT7toKYAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=apocryphal%20books%20having%20evidence%20of%20hebrew%20or%20aramaic%20origin&f=false The Apocrypha of the Old Testament: With Historical Introductions, a Revised Translation, and Notes Critical and Explanatory, by Edwin Cone Bissell. Scribner, 1890. 680 pages], page 208ff, citing evidence that the "additions to Esther" were also translated from the Hebrew. (Google eBook)</ref> which were relatively recent Jewish contributions of the 3rd through the 1st centuries before Christ) which had become part of Jewish culture. Jamnia considered 4 criteria to determine which of the Writings - such as Ecclesiastes, Esther, and Song of Songs - should be retained for the Hebrew canon for Judaism:
:the book should conform to the Torah;
:it was written before the time of Ezra (circa 450 BC);
:it was written in Hebrew;
:and it was composed in Judah or Israel.<ref>[http://biblescripture.net/Canon.html The Canon of the Old Testament]<br/>[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_canon.html The Old Testament Canon, by Peter Reed] (biblicalstudies.org.uk)</ref>
Although some books of the Old Testament were discussed in Judea at the Pharisaic Council of Jamnia in A.D. 90, the canon itself was not a topic of consideration and this group in fact had no decision-making power.
Historically, Jewish scholars since the 2nd century have considered the canon closed since the time of Malachi, and have not included the books of the Protestant Apocrypha, which were written subsequent to his time.<ref>[http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/the-bible-canon-of.html BibleStudyTools.com. Bible, Canon of]</ref> At the same time they simultaneously excluded as condemned and false the writings of the "heretics" (the ''minim'', including Christians, called nozrim, no§rim, "Nazarenes"), and cursed Christians in a synagogue service "benediction" against them and others. Palestinian texts of the Eighteen Benedictions from the Cairo Genizah <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/treasures-in-the-wall The New Yorker: Page-Turner. March 1, 2013 Treasures in the Wall, by Emily Greenhouse] (newyorker.com)<br/>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Genizah.html Jewish Virtual Library: Modern Jewish History: The Cairo Genizah, by Alden Oreck]</ref> present a text of the benediction which identifies the minim:<blockquote>"''For the apostates may there be no hope unless they return to Your Torah. As for the no§rim and the minim, may they perish immediately. Speedily may they be erased from the Book of Life, and may they not be registered among the righteous. Blessed are You, O Lord, Who subdues the wicked.''"</blockquote>While other specimens of the Palestinian liturgy show slight variation, the no§rim, (usually translated “Christians”) and minim are included in the best texts of this benediction. The fact remains that the no§rim were included with apostates and heretics and the wicked in the Genizah documents.<ref>[http://lawrenceschiffman.com/?s=the+benediction+against+the+minim Professor Lawrence H. Schiffman: The Benediction Against the Minim] (lawrenceschiffman.com)<br/>[http://www.defendingthebride.com/bb/curse.html DEFENDING THE BRIDE. THE CURSE AGAINST CHRISTIANS AT JAMNIA ABOUT 90 AD] (defendingthebride.com)<br/>[http://www.academia.edu/6811953/The_Jewish_Council_of_Jamnia_and_Its_Impact_on_the_Old_Testament_Canon_and_New_Testament_Studies The Jewish “Council” of Jamnia and Its Impact on the Old Testament Canon and New Testament Studies, Tim Gordon October 20, 2007] (academia.edu/6811953)</ref>
===Third objection: They do not have the "marks" of inspired writing===
This is the principle of "private judgment", which is highly subjective, and can be in error. The expertise and judgment of the ancients among the Jews before the time of Christ should not be dismissed.<blockquote>"We attach great importance to the reading [text] of the Septuagint, because it was translated 280 years before Christ, by men who had every facility for ascertaining the real meaning of the Hebrew text, and their work was honoured by the cordial approbation of the Sanhedrim of Alexandria, at a time when Hebrew learning was at its highest state of perfection in that city."
:—John Grigg Hewlett, D.D. ''Bible difficulties explained'' (1860), p. 162 –<small>book in the public domain</small></blockquote><ref>See the essay [http://www.newmanreader.org/works/essays/volume2/private.html Private Judgment [British Critic, July 1841]] (newmanreader.org)</ref> [[Marcion]], around A.D. 140 declared that the entire Old Testament was "obviously" not of God. He dismissed the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John, he edited the Gospel of Luke to purify it, and he threw out four of Paul's 14 Epistles as writings contrary to the Gospel.<ref>See the [[Biblical Canon#Canon of Marcion (Heretic) c. 140|Canon of Marcion]]</ref> The [[Deuterocanonicals]] were disputed from the 1st century to the 16th century and included 7 books of the New Testament, four of which Martin Luther in 1539 declared hostile to the Gospel because they did not have "the marks of inspired scripture" and did not clearly "preach Christ": '''Hebrews, James, Jude''' and '''Revelation'''—he held that they were not on the same level as the pure scriptures.<ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html Luther's Treatment of the 'Disputed Books' of the New Testament] (bible-researcher.com/antilegomena)<br/>[http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/wilkgren.html Luther And "New Testament Apocrypha", A. Wikgren, in R. H. Fischer's A Tribute To Arthur Vööbus: Studies In Early Christian Literature, 1977, pp. 379-390. © University of Chicago Press]</ref> In 1546 at the [[Council of Trent]] the Catholic Church [[dogma]]tically "added" the 7 disputed New Testament books to the canon of the Bible along with the 7 disputed Old Testament books and parts of books.
{{Old Testament Books}}
{{Old Testament Books}}
==See also==
==See also==
[[Apocrypha]]
[[Deuterocanonicals]]
[[Deuterocanonicals]]
*[http://www.fourthcentury.com/jerome-commentary-on-daniel/ Wisconsin Lutheran. Fourth Century Christianity. Jerome – Commentary on Daniel (fourthcentury.com)] ''This commentary was largely aimed at the criticisms of Porphyry, who took the Book of Daniel as relating to the time of Antiochus Epiphanes.''
*[http://www.fourthcentury.com/jerome-commentary-on-daniel/ Wisconsin Lutheran. Fourth Century Christianity. Jerome – Commentary on Daniel (fourthcentury.com)] ''This commentary was largely aimed at the criticisms of Porphyry, who took the Book of Daniel as relating to the time of Antiochus Epiphanes.''
*[http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2012/07/31/New-Light-on-the-Book-of-Daniel-from-the-Dead-Sea-Scrolls.aspx#Article Associates for Biblical Research. New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls Technical - Jul 31, 2012 - by Gerhard Hasel PhD] (biblearchaeology.org)
*[http://www.harvardhouse.com/Gabriel-to-Daniel_Einstein_Method.htm Time-Stamp for the Book of Daniel. Worst Case view of the Book of Daniel. Evidence of the Dead Sea Scrolls. ''When was the book of Daniel written?''] (harvardhouse.com)
*[http://www.forerunner.com/churchfathers/X0111_06._Letter_to_Origen.html A Letter to Origen from Africanus About the History of Susanna.] (forerunner.com) Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240) was a Christian traveller and historian of A.D. the late 2nd and early 3rd century
*[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0414.htm Catholic Encyclopedia. Letter to Africanus] (newadvent.org) Origen Adamantius (Ὠριγένης Ἀδαμάντιος, Ōrigénēs Adamántios; 184/185 – 253/254) was a scholar and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. He was a prolific writer in multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis and hermeneutics, philosophical theology, preaching, and spirituality.
*[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Prayer_of_the_Three_Holy_Children OrthodoxWiki. Prayer of the Three Holy Children] (orthodoxwiki.org)
*[http://evidenceforchristianity.org/are-the-additions-to-daniel-prayer-of-azariah-suzannah-bel-and-dragon-inspired-and-reliable/ Evidence for Christianity. Are the additions to Daniel (Prayer of Azariah, Suzannah, Bel and Dragon) inspired and reliable? Posted on March 18, 2013 by John Oakes PhD] (evidenceforchristianity.org)
*[http://evidenceforchristianity.org/how-then-do-you-explain-the-lxx-mt-versions-of-daniel-the-story-of-bel-the-dragonr/ How then do you explain the LXX & MT versions of Daniel & the story of Bel & the Dragon? Posted on March 6, 2008 by John Oakes PhD] (evidenceforchristianity.org)
*[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/bel.html Early Jewish Writings. Bel and the Dragon] (earlyjewishwritings.com)
*[http://www.gsbaptistchurch.com/seminary/old-testament-introduction/danbel2b.sam/odyframe.htm The Apocrypha Book 'Bel and the Dragon' Justifiably not Considered Scripture. By Edward G. Rice 13 Sep 1998. Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the course Old Testament Introduction #208 Video Studies Program (based on fall semester 94), Professor Charles E. McLain, Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary] (gsbaptistchurch.com)
*[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation. William Webster] (christiantruth.com)
*[http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha. Part 3: From Jerome to the Reformation. William Webster] (christiantruth.com)
*[http://matt1618.freeyellow.com/chapter2.html Reasoning From the Scriptures with Ron Rhodes Critique of Chapter 2, Does the Apocrypha Belong in the Bible?, by Matt1618]
*[http://matt1618.freeyellow.com/chapter2.html Reasoning From the Scriptures with Ron Rhodes Critique of Chapter 2, Does the Apocrypha Belong in the Bible?, by Matt1618]
*[http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_102_ApocryphaBackground.pdf Background and History to the Apocrypha, By David Phillips] Article reprinted from Cross†Way Issue Autumn 2006 No. 102 (churchsociety.org)
*[http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/Cway_102_ApocryphaBackground.pdf Background and History to the Apocrypha, By David Phillips] Article reprinted from Cross†Way Issue Autumn 2006 No. 102 (churchsociety.org)
[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/default.asp Greek and English Septuagint] <br/> [http://vulgate.org/ Latin and English Vulgate]<br/>[http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/ Kings James Apocrypha Online]
[[Category:Biblical Books| b7]]
[[Category:Biblical Books| b7]]
[[Category:Old Testament Books| b7]]
[[Category:Old Testament Books| b7]]