Changes

A '''newspaper''' is a regularly printed digest of [[news]] stories, investigative journalism, review, editorial opinion and feature articles. Major papers are published daily; minor ones weekly. They contain syndicated news from sources such as [[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]], as well as features, as well as local reporting and advertising. The prestige papers have their own news bureaus in the state and national capital and other major cities. [[Image:WP-Bureau.jpg|thumb|270px|''Washington Post'' bureaus are located in the world's key news centers]]

A '''newspaper''' is a regularly printed digest of [[news]] stories, investigative journalism, review, editorial opinion and feature articles. Major papers are published daily; minor ones weekly. They contain syndicated news from sources such as [[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]], as well as features, as well as local reporting and advertising. The prestige papers have their own news bureaus in the state and national capital and other major cities. [[Image:WP-Bureau.jpg|thumb|''Washington Post'' bureaus are located in the world's key news centers]]

==Crisis of 2009==

==Crisis of 2009==

The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply.  Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'',  ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue.  There was an abysmal sales price for [[Philadelphia]]'s two major newspapers:  only $55 million total.<ref>http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2012/04/rendell-philly-inquirer-deal-announced-today-119359.html</ref>  Apparently liberal claptrap is not worth much.

The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply.  Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'',  ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue.  There was an abysmal sales price for [[Philadelphia]]'s two major newspapers:  only $55 million total.<ref>http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2012/04/rendell-philly-inquirer-deal-announced-today-119359.html</ref>  Apparently liberal claptrap is not worth much.

[[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|320px|left]]

[[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|left]]

The Seattle ''Post-Intelligencer'' in March 2009 became the largest American paper to drop its print edition and become an Internet-only publication. It cut  its news staff from 165 journalists to only 20. A part of the Hearst chain, the P-I had a print circulation of 118,000 a day but lost $14 million in 2008 and no one wanted to buy it. Seattle still has a daily print paper, the ''Seattle Times,'' but it too is in deep financial trouble. <ref>"Seattle Paper Shifts Entirely to the Web," [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/business/media/17paper.html?_r=1&hp ''New York Times Mar. 16, 2009]</ref> ''USA Today'', which distributes half its papers through hotels and does not depend on advertising, is cutting back as circulation fell from 2.3 to 2.2 million copies a day.

The Seattle ''Post-Intelligencer'' in March 2009 became the largest American paper to drop its print edition and become an Internet-only publication. It cut  its news staff from 165 journalists to only 20. A part of the Hearst chain, the P-I had a print circulation of 118,000 a day but lost $14 million in 2008 and no one wanted to buy it. Seattle still has a daily print paper, the ''Seattle Times,'' but it too is in deep financial trouble. <ref>"Seattle Paper Shifts Entirely to the Web," [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/business/media/17paper.html?_r=1&hp ''New York Times Mar. 16, 2009]</ref>''USA Today'', which distributes half its papers through hotels and does not depend on advertising, is cutting back as circulation fell from 2.3 to 2.2 million copies a day.

Papers that continue in operation have lost revenue and been forced to cut staff in all departments. The ''New York Times'' news department peaked at more than 1,330 employees in 2008; by late 2009 it was down to 1,250 and planning to cut more jobs; no other American newspaper has more than about 750.

Papers that continue in operation have lost revenue and been forced to cut staff in all departments. The ''New York Times'' news department peaked at more than 1,330 employees in 2008; by late 2009 it was down to 1,250 and planning to cut more jobs; no other American newspaper has more than about 750.

==Liberal and conservative==

==Liberal and conservative==

In terms of prestige newspapers, the ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', are liberal, while the ''Wall Street Journal'' is conservative.  Local newspapers tend to be conservative. Prominent conservative viewpoints appear in the ''[[The Washington Times]]'', the ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', and the ''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]''.  Some newspapers have changed their political slant over time: the ''[[New York Post]]'' has gone back and forth between a liberal slant and a conservative one, depending on its owner at the time, it currently has a conservative slant under the ownership of [[News Corporation]]. It endorsed [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2006, illustrating that newspapers can adapt their editorial views to the local market. Likewise the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' once had conservative editorial positions but is now more liberal.  

In terms of prestige newspapers, the ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', are liberal, while the ''Wall Street Journal'' is conservative.  Local newspapers tend to be conservative. Prominent conservative viewpoints appear in the ''[[The Washington Times]]'', the ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', and the ''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]''.  Some newspapers have changed their political slant over time: the ''[[New York Post]]'' has gone back and forth between a liberal slant and a conservative one, depending on its owner at the time, it currently has a conservative slant under the ownership of [[News Corporation]]. It endorsed [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2006, illustrating that newspapers can adapt their editorial views to the local market. Likewise the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' once had conservative editorial positions but is now more liberal.  

[[Image:Nytrib1864.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The ''New York Tribune'' was the leading national newspaper; edited by [[Horace Greeley]], it spoke for the Republican Party; 1864 copy.]]

[[Image:Nytrib1864.jpg|thumb|left|The ''New York Tribune'' was the leading national newspaper; edited by [[Horace Greeley]], it spoke for the Republican Party; 1864 copy.]]

===Dailies===

===Dailies===

==History==

==History==

===First Party System===

===First Party System===

During the [[First Party System]], newspapers proliferated because they were sponsored by the two main parties, the [[Federalists]] and the [[Democratic Republican Party]] (the Jeffersonian Republicans). [[John Fenno]] began publishing his ''Gazette of the United States'' in April 1789 hoping it would become the official paper of the newly formed national government; soon [[Alexander Hamilton]] was encouraging and subsidizing him.  [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], leading the opposition to Hamilton, persuaded [[Philip M. Freneau]], a brilliant poet, to found the ''National Gazette'' in Philadelphia in October 1791. Jefferson even put Freneau on the State Department payroll.  The ''National Gazette'' at first served as a successful political tool for the Jeffersonians as it defined arguments against Hamilton's policies while rebutting Fenno's editorials. The ''National Gazette'' collapsed in 1793 due to weak circulation and the political fallout over Jefferson and Madison's financial involvement in founding the paper.  

During the [[First Party System]], newspapers proliferated because they were sponsored by the two main parties, the [[Federalists]] and the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]]. [[John Fenno]] began publishing his ''Gazette of the United States'' in April 1789 hoping it would become the official paper of the newly formed national government; soon [[Alexander Hamilton]] was encouraging and subsidizing him.  [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], leading the opposition to Hamilton, persuaded [[Philip M. Freneau]], a brilliant poet, to found the ''National Gazette'' in Philadelphia in October 1791. Jefferson even put Freneau on the State Department payroll.  The ''National Gazette'' at first served as a successful political tool for the Jeffersonians as it defined arguments against Hamilton's policies while rebutting Fenno's editorials. The ''National Gazette'' collapsed in 1793 due to weak circulation and the political fallout over Jefferson and Madison's financial involvement in founding the paper.  

[[Image:NEWS1800.JPG|thumb|275px|left|rapid growth of party newspapers]]

[[Image:NEWS1800.JPG|thumb|275px|left|rapid growth of party newspapers]]

Hamilton set uip his own stable of Federalist papers. His editor in New York City was [[Noah Webster]].  In 1793, Hamilton loaned him $1500 to move to New York City and edit a newspaper for the new [[Federalist Party]]. In December Webster  founded New York's first daily newspaper, ''American Minerva'' (later known as ''The Commercial Advertiser''). He edited it for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication, ''The Herald, A Gazette for the country'' (later known as ''The New York Spectator''). As a partisan, he soon was denounced by the Democratic-Republicans as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot," "an incurable lunatic," and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack."  Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him "a traitor to the cause of Federalism", calling him "a toad in the service of sans-cullottism," "a prostitute wretch," "a great fool, and a barefaced liar," "a spiteful viper," and "a maniacal pedant." The master of words was distressed. Even the use of words like "the people," "democracy," and "equality" in public debate bothered him, for such words were "metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) pp 199, 206.</ref>

Hamilton set uip his own stable of Federalist papers. His editor in New York City was [[Noah Webster]].  In 1793, Hamilton loaned him $1500 to move to New York City and edit a newspaper for the new [[Federalist Party]]. In December Webster  founded New York's first daily newspaper, ''American Minerva'' (later known as ''The Commercial Advertiser''). He edited it for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication, ''The Herald, A Gazette for the country'' (later known as ''The New York Spectator''). As a partisan, he soon was denounced by the Republicans as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot," "an incurable lunatic," and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack."  Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him "a traitor to the cause of Federalism", calling him "a toad in the service of sans-cullottism," "a prostitute wretch," "a great fool, and a barefaced liar," "a spiteful viper," and "a maniacal pedant." The master of words was distressed. Even the use of words like "the people," "democracy," and "equality" in public debate bothered him, for such words were "metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) pp 199, 206.</ref>

By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently.  In 1802 the New York ''Evening Post,'' with large amounts of advertising by Federalist merchants, published a daily edition for 1100 subscribers in the city, and a weekly edition that circulated to 1600 subscribers nationwide. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs. Hamilton's vices, both personal and political, were favorite targets.

By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently.  In 1802 the New York ''Evening Post,'' with large amounts of advertising by Federalist merchants, published a daily edition for 1100 subscribers in the city, and a weekly edition that circulated to 1600 subscribers nationwide. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs. Hamilton's vices, both personal and political, were favorite targets.