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The '''Pledge of Allegiance''' is a traditional oath of loyalty often recited in the United States of America.  It was written in 1892 by [[Francis Bellamy]], a Baptist minister and socialist.

The '''Pledge of Allegiance''' is a traditional oath of loyalty often recited in the United States of America.

In the United States, the '''Pledge of Allegiance''' is recited on many formal occasions, including at the beginning of the [[school]] day, and the opening of certain kinds of meetings.  When the Pledge is recited, civilians face the [[American flag|Flag]] and place their right hands over their hearts. Men remove any non-religious headdress and hold it in the right hand. Military personnel in uniform remain silent and salute the flag. Under many public circumstances, in a display of patriotism, the Pledge will be followed with the singing of "[[America the Beautiful]],"  the [[National Anthem]],  or "[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]".

In the United States, the '''Pledge of Allegiance''' is recited on many formal occasions, including at the beginning of the [[school]] day, and the opening of certain kinds of meetings.  When the Pledge is recited, civilians face the [[American flag|Flag]] and place their right hands over their hearts. Men remove any non-religious headdress and hold it in the right hand. Military personnel in uniform remain silent and salute the flag. Under many public circumstances, in a display of patriotism, the Pledge will be followed with the singing of "[[America the Beautiful]],"  the [[National Anthem]],  or "[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]".

The phrase "under God" was added in 1954, by a bill signed into law by President Eisenhower on June 14, 1954 ([[Flag Day]]), largely driven by the lobbying of the [[Knights of Columbus]], as a means of differentiating America from the "godless" Communists of the USSR.  The phrase has been the source of some controversy, as self-professed atheist Michael Newdow has argued the matter in a case involving his daughter before the U.S. Supreme Court.  The case was dismissed because Newdow, a noncustodial parent, lacked standing in the matter.

The phrase "under God" was added in 1954, by a bill signed into law by President Eisenhower on June 14, 1954 ([[Flag Day]]), largely driven by the lobbying of the [[Knights of Columbus]], as a means of differentiating America from the "godless" Communists of the USSR.  The phrase has been the source of some controversy, as self-professed atheist Michael Newdow has argued the matter in a case involving his daughter before the U.S. Supreme Court.  The case was dismissed because Newdow, a noncustodial parent, lacked standing in the matter.

with Liberty and Justice for all"

with Liberty and Justice for all"

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==References==

==References==