Changes

'''Herbert David Croly''', (1869-1930) a leader of the [[Progressive Movement]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Sidney |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/03/herbert-croly-progressive-apostle |title=Herbert D. Croly: Apostle of Progressivism |work=[[Heritage Foundation]] |date=March 14, 2013 }}</ref> as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine [[The New Republic]]. His book, ''[[The Promise of American Life]]'' (1909) looked to the conservative spirit of effective government as espoused by [[Alexander Hamilton]], combined with  the democracy of [[Thomas Jefferson]]. The book was one of the most influential books in American political history, shaping the ideas of many Progressives such as [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. It also influenced the later [[New Deal]]. Calling themselves "the new nationalists" Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. He actively promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak.

'''Herbert David Croly''', (January 23, 1869 - May 17, 1930) a leader of the [[Progressive Movement]]<ref name=apostle>{{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Sidney |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/03/herbert-croly-progressive-apostle |title=Herbert D. Croly: Apostle of Progressivism |work=[[Heritage Foundation]] |date=March 14, 2013 }}</ref> as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine [[The New Republic]]. His book, ''[[The Promise of American Life]]'' (1909) looked to the conservative spirit of effective government as espoused by [[Alexander Hamilton]], combined with  the democracy of [[Thomas Jefferson]]. The book was one of the most influential books in American political history, shaping the ideas of many Progressives such as [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. It also influenced the later [[New Deal]]. Calling themselves "the new nationalists" Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. He actively promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak.

In his 1914 book ''Progressive Democracy,'' Croly contested the thesis that the liberal tradition in the United States was inhospitable to anticapitalist alternatives. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that Progressives had allowed to lapse - that working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. Increasingly skeptical of the capacity of social welfare legislation to remedy social ills, Croly argued that America's liberal promise could be redeemed only by syndicalist reforms involving workplace democracy. O'Leary (1994) shows his liberal goals were subordinate to his commitment to [[republicanism]].

In his 1914 book ''Progressive Democracy,'' Croly contested the thesis that the liberal tradition in the United States was inhospitable to anticapitalist alternatives. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that Progressives had allowed to lapse - that working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. Increasingly skeptical of the capacity of social welfare legislation to remedy social ills, Croly argued that America's liberal promise could be redeemed only by syndicalist reforms involving workplace democracy. O'Leary (1994) shows his liberal goals were subordinate to his commitment to [[republicanism]].

==Early Life==

==Early Life==

Herbert Croly's parents were [[David Croly]] and Jane Croly.  His father David was a devoted [[Auguste Comte|Comtist]] and raised Herbert that way.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Croly|first1=Herbert|title=Memories of Jane Cunningham Croly, "Jenny June". ''From a Testimonial by Herbert D. Croly''|date=1904|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|pages=61–63}}</ref>

Croly was born in New York City on January 23, 1869, to David and Jane Croly.<ref name=apostle /> His father [[David Croly]] was a devoted [[Auguste Comte|Comtist]] and raised Herbert that way.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Croly|first1=Herbert|title=Memories of Jane Cunningham Croly, "Jenny June". ''From a Testimonial by Herbert D. Croly''|date=1904|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|pages=61–63}}</ref>

 

==Rights==

==Rights==

Croly called for the adoption of Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian ends. To achieve this synthesis, however, Croly rejected Hamilton's arguments for institutional checks on a pure national democracy, and Jefferson's arguments for limited government. Croly rejected these limits because he saw them as too closely tied to the doctrine of individual rights. Croly wanted to transcend the doctrine of individual rights in order to create a national political community, one that would be forged by a strong but democratic national government. Howewer, Croly failed to see the connection between Jefferson's belief in democracy and his belief in limited government, and he failed to see the connection between Hamilton's belief in a strong national government and his call for institutional checks on democracy. Thus, although many American reform movements have their roots in the rhetoric of Croly's progressivism, to be effective they have had to accommodate the principles of liberal individualism that Croly wished to eradicate.<ref>David K. Nichols, "The Promise of Progressivism: Herbert Croly and the Progressive Rejection of Individual Rights" ''Publius'' 1987 17(2): 27-39</ref>

Croly called for the adoption of Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian ends. To achieve this synthesis, however, Croly rejected Hamilton's arguments for institutional checks on a pure national democracy, and Jefferson's arguments for limited government. Croly rejected these limits because he saw them as too closely tied to the doctrine of individual rights. Croly wanted to transcend the doctrine of individual rights in order to create a national political community, one that would be forged by a strong but democratic national government. Howewer, Croly failed to see the connection between Jefferson's belief in democracy and his belief in limited government, and he failed to see the connection between Hamilton's belief in a strong national government and his call for institutional checks on democracy. Thus, although many American reform movements have their roots in the rhetoric of Croly's progressivism, to be effective they have had to accommodate the principles of liberal individualism that Croly wished to eradicate.<ref>David K. Nichols, "The Promise of Progressivism: Herbert Croly and the Progressive Rejection of Individual Rights" ''Publius'' 1987 17(2): 27-39</ref>

==Influence==

==Influence==

Croly's book ''The Promise of American Life'' was sent by his friend [[Learned Hand]] to [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EmE-nR02RMC&pg=PA14|last1=Jordan|first1=Constance|title=Reason and Imagination: The Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand|date=2013|publisher=OUP USA|pages=14–15}}</ref>

Croly's book ''The Promise of American Life'' was sent by his friend [[Learned Hand]] to [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EmE-nR02RMC&pg=PA14|last1=Jordan|first1=Constance|title=Reason and Imagination: The Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand|date=2013|publisher=OUP USA|pages=14–15}}</ref>

==Later Revisionism==

==Later Revisionism==

Starting in the 40's, some authors tried to distance progressive ideology from Croly's views(specifically in regard to the book ''Promise of American Life''), and instead re-cast them as having underlying tones of totalitarianism or fascism<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTAQAAAAIAAJ&dq=dilemma |last=Filler |first=Louis |date=1948 |title=The Dilemma, So-Called, of the American Liberal |journal=Antioch Review |volume=8 |pages=140-141 }}</ref>, not progressivism.

Starting in the 40's, some authors tried to distance progressive ideology from Croly's views(specifically in regard to the book ''Promise of American Life''), and instead re-cast them as having underlying tones of totalitarianism or fascism<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTAQAAAAIAAJ&dq=dilemma |last=Filler |first=Louis |date=1948 |title=The Dilemma, So-Called, of the American Liberal |journal=Antioch Review |volume=8 |pages=140-141 }}</ref>, not progressivism.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Dexter, Byron. "Herbert Croly and the Promise of American Life," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1955), pp. 197-218 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2145222 in JSTOR]

* Dexter, Byron. "Herbert Croly and the Promise of American Life," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1955), pp. 197-218 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2145222 in JSTOR]

* Stettner, Edward A. ''Shaping Modern Liberalism: Herbert Croly and Progressive Thought'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Shaping-Modern-Liberalism-Herbert-Progressive/dp/0700605800 excerpt and text search]

* Stettner, Edward A. ''Shaping Modern Liberalism: Herbert Croly and Progressive Thought'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Shaping-Modern-Liberalism-Herbert-Progressive/dp/0700605800 excerpt and text search]

* Forcey, Charles. [https://archive.org/details/crossroadsoflibe007335mbp ''The Crossroads Of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, And The Progressive Era 1900-1925''] (1961), on [[archive.org]]

* Forcey, Charles. [https://archive.org/details/crossroadsoflibe007335mbp ''The Crossroads Of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, And The Progressive Era 1900-1925''] (1961), on [[archive.org]]

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Croly, Herbert. ''The Promise of American Life'' (1909) [http://books.google.com/books?id=3BASAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:herbert+inauthor:croly&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online], one of the most influential books of the early 20th century

* Croly, Herbert. ''The Promise of American Life'' (1909) [http://books.google.com/books?id=3BASAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:herbert+inauthor:croly&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online], one of the most influential books of the early 20th century

* Croly, Herbert. "The Effect on American Institutions of a Powerful Military and Naval Establishment," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 66, (July 1916), pp. 157-172 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013440 in JSTOR]

* Croly, Herbert. "The Effect on American Institutions of a Powerful Military and Naval Establishment," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 66, (July 1916), pp. 157-172 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013440 in JSTOR]

* Croly, Herbert. "State Political Reorganization," ''Proceedings of the American Political Science Association,'' Vol. 8, Eighth Annual Meeting (1911), pp. 122-135 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3038400 in JSTOR]

* Croly, Herbert. "State Political Reorganization," ''Proceedings of the American Political Science Association,'' Vol. 8, Eighth Annual Meeting (1911), pp. 122-135 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3038400 in JSTOR]

====References====

====References====

<references/>

<references/>