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→Notes: Syncretism in the historical literature
== Christ vs. Syncretism ==
== Christ vs. Syncretism ==
When talking about certain teachers as "[[false prophet]]s," [[Jesus]] clearly showed that he was not a syncretist, i.e. a combiner of contradictory lines of thought, who would teach that opposing opinions are in fact just complementary views of the same truth. On the contrary, he held that truth and lie are mutually exclusive, and that those who proclaim a lie in God's name are in reality [[false prophet]]s whom His followers must beware of.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kázání na hoře: Poselství Bible pro dnešní svět (The Message of the Sermon on the Mount, Christian Counter-culture)|author=John R.W. Stott |translator=Bohumil Kejř |publisher=Návrat, Creativpress |location=Praha (Prague) |year=1992 |pages=152 |isbn=80-85495-01-5 |quote=Když mluví o některých učitelích jako o „falešných prorocích“, Ježiš jasně ukazuje, že není synkretistou, t.j. slučovatelem protichůdných směrů, který by učil, že protichůdné názory jsou ve skutečnosti doplňujícími pohledy na tutéž pravdu. Nikoli, zastával, že pravda a lež se navzájem vylučují a že ti, kdo rozhlašují lži v Božím jménu, jsou falešní proroci na které si jeho následovníci musí dát pozor. |language=Czech}}</ref>
When talking about certain teachers as "[[false prophet]]s," [[Jesus]] clearly showed that he was not a syncretist, i.e. a combiner of contradictory lines of thought, who would teach that opposing opinions are in fact just complementary views of the same truth. On the contrary, he held that truth and lie are mutually exclusive, and that those who proclaim a lie in God's name are in reality [[false prophet]]s whom His followers must beware of.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kázání na hoře: Poselství Bible pro dnešní svět (The Message of the Sermon on the Mount, Christian Counter-culture)|author=John R.W. Stott |translator=Bohumil Kejř |publisher=Návrat, Creativpress |location=Praha (Prague) |year=1992 |pages=152 |isbn=80-85495-01-5 |quote=Když mluví o některých učitelích jako o „falešných prorocích“, Ježiš jasně ukazuje, že není synkretistou, t.j. slučovatelem protichůdných směrů, který by učil, že protichůdné názory jsou ve skutečnosti doplňujícími pohledy na tutéž pravdu. Nikoli, zastával, že pravda a lež se navzájem vylučují a že ti, kdo rozhlašují lži v Božím jménu, jsou falešní proroci na které si jeho následovníci musí dát pozor. |language=Czech}}</ref>
==Syncretism in the historical literature==
In his book ''Itinerarium'' (Travel diary from 1708 — 1709) written in [[Latin]], [[Lutheran]] [[theologian]] Daniel Krman described the Lutheran seminary in Königsberg as being infiltrated by theologians siding with syncretism. He pointed out that if doctors of theology would honor values expressed by Latin phrase ''Diligite veritatem et pacem'' (love truth and peace), there would be not so many syncretists in academia, who were enlisted and criticized also by the chief orthodox opponent of syncretism<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Orthodoxy Under Fire: An Exploratory Study Of The Syncretistic Controversy And The Consensus Repetitus Fidei Vere Lutheranae
|author=Timothy R. Schmeling
|quote=It is fairly safe to assume that Abraham Calov(ius) (1612-1686), the Consensus Repetitus Fidei Vere Lutheranae (hereafter CRFVL), and Georg Calixt(us) (1586-1656) are not household vocabulary in much of contemporary Lutheranism. Yet, all played a prominent and important role in the 17th century syncretist controversy. History has hardly been kind to Abraham Calov, the chief orthodox opponent of syncretism.
|accessdate=11 June 2016
}}</ref> and doctor of theology Abraham Calovius in his work ''Examen theologiae novaturientium''. According to Krman, syncretists attack faith in [[Virgin Birth]] of [[Christ]] and [[Creation]] of the world ''ex Nihilo'' that are beyond human comprehension, thus, in more general terms, syncretism makes an effort to replace [[God]]'s wisdom [[revelation|revealed]] in the [[Bible]] with human rationalizations.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Itinerarium
|author=Daniel Krman
|year=1708 — 1709
|quote=Najprv sa však treba vrátiť k mestu Kráľovcu, skutočne kráľovskému. … Je tu luteránska akadémia, ale niektorí na nej žičia synkretizmu. Rektorom magnifikom bol vtedy verejný profesor matematiky ... Pri tejto príležitosti sa onen profesor pustil do rozhovoru. Medziiným povedal, že reformovaní[93] nemusia veriť to, čo je proti rozumu, ale že veria to, čo je nad rozum. Rozprávali sme sa totiž o sviatostnej prítomnosti Kristovej, z čoho som vyrozumel, že on sám spolu s reformovanými nadŕža synkretizmu, a povedal som, že takto nemusia reformovaní veriť ani v narodenie Kristovo z panny, ani v stvorenie sveta z ničoho, lebo toto je nielen nad, ale aj proti všetkému ľudskému rozumu. … Keď som teda bol navštívil pána doktora von Sandeho, vyzvedal som sa na pomery na akadémii a v cirkvi, a čo sa týka onej večere Pánovej, porozumel som, že tohto synkretizmu sa nedopustilo nijaké veľké zhromaždenie, ale len niekoľko osôb, vari pätnásť z každej stránky, a viacej si cenili lásku k blížnym ako vieru.
Od iných som sa potom dozvedel, že doktor Deutsch, prvý teológ tejto akadémie, súhlasil s týmto synkretistickým prisluhovaním sviatosti večere a že doktor Pesarovič pre obranu ortodoxie upadol do nenávisti u ostatných kolegov teológov a radšej odišiel inde.
Na kazateľnici však je nápis zlatými literami: Diligite veritatem et pacem. Anno 1595.[102] Kiežby veru všetci doktori na tento nápis pamätali, nemali by sme na tejto akadémii toľkých synkretistov, ktorých v Examen theologiae novaturientium doktor Calovius[103] menuje a karhá.
|url=http://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/1249/Krman_Itinerarium-Cestovny-dennik-z-rokov-1708-1709/1#ixzz4BHaMh88S
|language=Latin (original), Slovak (translation)
}}</ref> Many years later G.K. Chesterton maintained that these human “rational” solutions are less satisfying than the riddles of [[God]].{{#tag:ref| See notes and references in: [[Singularity]]|group=note}} Still, it is perhaps not a wonder that the syncretistic atmosphere in academic institutions of Königsberg formed the worldview of [[Immanuel Kant]], a forerunner of [[evolutionism]]{{#tag:ref| cf. [[Immanuel_Kant#Philosopher_of_Protestantism_vs._of_Evolutionary_thought| Philosopher of Evolutionary thought]]|group=note}} with protestant roots, who was born in this town and who in 1740, aged 16, enrolled at the University of Königsberg, where he spent his whole career and where he, on March 31, 1770, aged 45, was appointed Full Professor of [[Logic]] and Metaphysics.<ref>{{cite book
|title= Кант и втарый Кёнигсберг (Kant and old Königsberg)
|author=Карль
|publisher=Битекар
|year=1924, 1991
|pages=7+
|url=http://www.ergojournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Книга.pdf
|quote=Кант...отклонил все приглашения в другие университы...крепко держался он за своих кенигсбержцев...
|language=German (original), Russian (translation)
}}</ref> Among Kant's syncretistic works are ''The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God'' (German: ''Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes'') where he attacks [[ontological argument]] for God and the argument from [[intelligent design|design]]. In his neognostic assimilation of Biblical message he argues that matter itself contains the principles which give rise to an ordered universe hence for him the God as Creator is reduced only to an idea.{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Docetism]]|group=note}} The empiricist [[Alfred Nobel]] found Kant's ''[[metaphysics]]'' hard to digest and ironically concluded that "Kant's style is so heavy that after his ''pure reason'' the reader longs for ''unreasonableness''."<ref>{{cite web
|author=Åke Erlandsson
|title="Alfred Nobel and his interest in literature"
|publisher=Nobelprize.org; The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize
|date=23 July 1997
|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/erlandsson/
|chapter=San Remo, Paris, Bofors (1891-1896)
|access date=08.03.2012
|quote=However, like the empiricist he was, he found Kant's metaphysics harder to digest: "Kant's style is so heavy that after his pure reason the reader longs for unreasonableness."
}}</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==