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'''International Business Machines''' ('''IBM''') is a large American company that makes and services large computers, sells them, consults about them, and runs back office IT operations.

'''International Business Machines''' ('''IBM''') is a large American company that makes and services large computers, sells them, consults about them, and runs back office IT operations.

During the [[Third Reich]], IBM aided the effort of [[Nazi]] [[Eugenics|eugenicists]] to identify the ‘unfit’ by automating a national card file system that cross-indexed the defective.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolution’s Fatal Fruit |author=TomDeRosa |publisher=Coral Ridge Ministries |place=Fort Lauderdale, Florida |year=2006 |pages=174 |isbn=978-1929-626250 |url=http://www.bereanpublishers.com/evolutions-fatal-fruit-how-darwins-tree-of-life-brought-death-to-millions/ |quote=Source: Edwin Black: War Against the Weak, page 339}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Edwin Black |title= IBM and the Holocaust: The strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America’s most powerful corporation|url= http://www.ibmandtheholocaust.com/ |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Quote from Michael Hirsh, Newsweek: IBM facilitated the identification and roundup of millions of Jews during the 12 years of the Third Reich … }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sam Greenspan |title=11 Companies That Surprisingly Collaborated With the Nazis |url= http://www.11points.com/News-Politics/11_Companies_That_Surprisingly_Collaborated_With_the_Nazis |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Here are 11 companies that you may not realize collaborated with the Nazis. … IBM custom-build machines for the Nazis that they could use to track everything... from oil supplies to train schedules into death camps to Jewish bank accounts to individual Holocaust victims themselves.}}</ref> Nowadays, the company has adopted the policy of modified [[gleichschaltung]] promoting abnormal sexual practices and the redefinition of [[marriage]] under the fig leaf of so called [[diversity]].<ref>{{cite web |title= IBM Diversity - Gay Lesbian Bi-Sexual & Transgender (GLBT) |publisher=you-tube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al5Euju-rOg |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= What’s great about IBM is that I can feel open when I come to work. I’m part of invisible minority group – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender - LGBT. What is unique about this group is said that it is represented in all other diversity network groups. When working with people from … group, it is important not to make assumptions. Because 6 to 8 pecent of time you may make an incorrect one. For example, when asing about someone’s relationship status, consider using the word ‘partner’ as it is more inclusive and would make person to feel more comfortable.}}</ref> People who try to defend, in corporate environment, the traditional concept of marriage as union between one man and one woman, are intimidated by methods resembling to those used in [[totalitarian]] regimes. In 2014, one such case happened in the company branch office in Brno, [[Czech Republic]], where one IT manager was fired after he showed disagreement with company uncritical support for [[Anthropological_Revolution#Homosexual_Agenda|LGBTI agenda]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Slovenský IT manažér sa zastal tradičnej rodiny, vyhodili ho z práce (Slovak IT manager took stand for traditional family, he was fired afterwards) |author=Lukáš Obšitník, |date=June 23, 2014 |url= http://www.postoy.sk/content/slovensky-it-manazer-sa-zastal-tradicnej-rodiny-vyhodili-ho-z-prace |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Prinášame vám rozhovor s bývalým zamestnancom medzinárodnej IT firmy s pobočkou v Brne v Českej republike, ktorý bol prepustený po tom, čo vo vnútrofiremnej emailovej komunikácii prejavil nesúhlas s firemnou podporou pre LGBT agendu. Prvý raz za deväť rokov fungovania portálu Postoy prinášame rozhovor bez uvedenia mena respondenta. Viacerí členovia redakcie ho poznajú už roky, preto sa vieme zaručiť za jeho hodnovernosť. (We are publishing an interview with former employee of international IT corporation with branch office in Brno, Czech Republic, who was fired after he showed disagreement with company support for LGBTI agenda in the corporate intranet e-mail communication exchange. For the first time in the 9-year history of our web portal we bring this interview without stating the name of intervied person. Several staff members know him in person for manu years, thus, we are able to guarantee for his trustworthiness.)|language=Slovak}}</ref>   

During the [[Third Reich]], IBM aided the effort of [[Nazi]] [[Eugenics|eugenicists]] to identify the ‘unfit’ by automating a national card file system that cross-indexed the defective.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolution’s Fatal Fruit |author=TomDeRosa |publisher=Coral Ridge Ministries |place=Fort Lauderdale, Florida |year=2006 |pages=174 |isbn=978-1929-626250 |url=http://www.bereanpublishers.com/evolutions-fatal-fruit-how-darwins-tree-of-life-brought-death-to-millions/ |quote=Source: Edwin Black: War Against the Weak, page 339}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Edwin Black |title= IBM and the Holocaust: The strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America’s most powerful corporation|url= http://www.ibmandtheholocaust.com/ |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Quote from Michael Hirsh, Newsweek: IBM facilitated the identification and roundup of millions of Jews during the 12 years of the Third Reich … }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sam Greenspan |title=11 Companies That Surprisingly Collaborated With the Nazis |url= http://www.11points.com/News-Politics/11_Companies_That_Surprisingly_Collaborated_With_the_Nazis |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Here are 11 companies that you may not realize collaborated with the Nazis. … IBM custom-build machines for the Nazis that they could use to track everything... from oil supplies to train schedules into death camps to Jewish bank accounts to individual Holocaust victims themselves.}}</ref> Nowadays, the company has adopted the policy of modified [[gleichschaltung]] promoting abnormal sexual practices and the redefinition of [[marriage]] under the fig leaf of so called [[diversity]].<ref>{{cite web |title= IBM Diversity - Gay Lesbian Bi-Sexual & Transgender (GLBT) |publisher=you-tube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al5Euju-rOg |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= What’s great about IBM is that I can feel open when I come to work. I’m part of invisible minority group – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender - LGBT. What is unique about this group is said that it is represented in all other diversity network groups. When working with people from … group, it is important not to make assumptions. Because 6 to 8 pecent of time you may make an incorrect one. For example, when asing about someone’s relationship status, consider using the word ‘partner’ as it is more inclusive and would make person to feel more comfortable.}}</ref> People who try to defend, in corporate environment, the traditional concept of marriage as union between one man and one woman, are intimidated by methods resembling to those used in [[totalitarian]] regimes. In 2014, one such case happened in the company branch office in Brno, [[Czech Republic]], where one IT manager was fired after he showed disagreement with company uncritical support for [[Anthropological Revolution#Homosexual Agenda|LGBTI agenda]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Slovenský IT manažér sa zastal tradičnej rodiny, vyhodili ho z práce (Slovak IT manager took stand for traditional family, he was fired afterwards) |author=Lukáš Obšitník, |date=June 23, 2014 |url= http://www.postoy.sk/content/slovensky-it-manazer-sa-zastal-tradicnej-rodiny-vyhodili-ho-z-prace |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= Prinášame vám rozhovor s bývalým zamestnancom medzinárodnej IT firmy s pobočkou v Brne v Českej republike, ktorý bol prepustený po tom, čo vo vnútrofiremnej emailovej komunikácii prejavil nesúhlas s firemnou podporou pre LGBT agendu. Prvý raz za deväť rokov fungovania portálu Postoy prinášame rozhovor bez uvedenia mena respondenta. Viacerí členovia redakcie ho poznajú už roky, preto sa vieme zaručiť za jeho hodnovernosť. (We are publishing an interview with former employee of international IT corporation with branch office in Brno, Czech Republic, who was fired after he showed disagreement with company support for LGBTI agenda in the corporate intranet e-mail communication exchange. For the first time in the 9-year history of our web portal we bring this interview without stating the name of intervied person. Several staff members know him in person for manu years, thus, we are able to guarantee for his trustworthiness.)|language=Slovak}}</ref>   

==History==

==History==

IBM offered a full range of hardware, software and service agreements, so that users as their needs grew would stay with "Big Blue." Since most software was custom-written by in-house programmers, and would run on only one brand of computers, it was too expensive to switch brands. Brushing off clone makers, and facing down a federal anti-trust suit, the giant sold reputation and security as well as hardware, and was the most admired American corporation of the 1970s and 1980s.  

IBM offered a full range of hardware, software and service agreements, so that users as their needs grew would stay with "Big Blue." Since most software was custom-written by in-house programmers, and would run on only one brand of computers, it was too expensive to switch brands. Brushing off clone makers, and facing down a federal anti-trust suit, the giant sold reputation and security as well as hardware, and was the most admired American corporation of the 1970s and 1980s.  

==Retreat==

==Retreat==

The 1990s were cruel to IBM--losses in 1993 exceeded $8 billion --as the mainframe giant failed to adjust quickly enough to the personal computer revolution. Desktop machines had the power needed, and were vastly easier for both users and managers than multi-million-dollar mainframes. IBM did introduce a popular line of microcomputers--but it was too popular. Clone makers undersold IBM, while the profits went to chip makers like Intel or software houses like Microsoft.  

The 1990s were cruel to IBM—losses in 1993 exceeded $8 billion—as the mainframe giant failed to adjust quickly enough to the personal computer revolution. Desktop machines had the power needed, and were vastly easier for both users and managers than multi-million-dollar mainframes. IBM did introduce a popular line of microcomputers—but it was too popular. Clone makers undersold IBM, while the profits went to chip makers like Intel or software houses like Microsoft.  

==360==

==360==

The mainframe computer entered American life in a major way in 1965 when IBM introduced its Model 360. This multi million dollar machine was quickly adopted by large businesses, government agencies and universities. Although it used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, the mainframe ran hot and required special facilities and 24-hour air conditioning, and was always attended by white-coated technicians. IBM dominated the worldwide computer market, as rivals (the "seven dwarfs") could match IBM's technology, but not its reputation. Technological advances every year brought bigger and faster mainframes and hastened the restructuring of most bureaucratic enterprises around the mainframe. The mainframe centralized computing power high up in an organization, where legions of FORTRAN and COBOL programmers wrote codes that harnessed raw computing power to specialized tasks. Bureaucracies expanded, assigning lower echelons the task of preparing forms for keypunching holes on cards that fed the machine. Most jobs were simple and routine, usually just the rapidly rapid processing of large numbers of highly stylized forms such as monthly electric bills. By the 1970s, distributed processing allowed clerks to use terminals connected directly to the mainframe. These were "dumb" terminals without their own computing power. Upstart companies introduced smaller, much cheaper "minicomputers" in the 1970s that handled most medium and small jobs as well as a mainframe. By the early 1990s, the mass introduction of PCs ("personal computers", originally called "microcomputers") radically undercut the market for mainframes and minis both.  

The mainframe computer entered American life in a major way in 1965 when IBM introduced its Model 360. This multi million dollar machine was quickly adopted by large businesses, government agencies and universities. Although it used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, the mainframe ran hot and required special facilities and 24-hour air conditioning, and was always attended by white-coated technicians. IBM dominated the worldwide computer market, as rivals (the "seven dwarfs") could match IBM's technology, but not its reputation. Technological advances every year brought bigger and faster mainframes and hastened the restructuring of most bureaucratic enterprises around the mainframe. The mainframe centralized computing power high up in an organization, where legions of FORTRAN and COBOL programmers wrote codes that harnessed raw computing power to specialized tasks. Bureaucracies expanded, assigning lower echelons the task of preparing forms for keypunching holes on cards that fed the machine. Most jobs were simple and routine, usually just the rapidly rapid processing of large numbers of highly stylized forms such as monthly electric bills. By the 1970s, distributed processing allowed clerks to use terminals connected directly to the mainframe. These were "dumb" terminals without their own computing power. Upstart companies introduced smaller, much cheaper "minicomputers" in the 1970s that handled most medium and small jobs as well as a mainframe. By the early 1990s, the mass introduction of PCs ("personal computers", originally called "microcomputers") radically undercut the market for mainframes and minis both.  

==PC's==

==PC's==

While the term "IBM compatible" has been widely used to indicate that a personal [[computer]] can use the [[Microsoft Windows]] Operating System, as of 2005 IBM no longer directly manufactured personal computers. The personal [[computer]] manufacturing arm of IBM was sold to the Chinese company [[Lenovo]] in 2005 in return giving IBM an 18.9% ownership stake in Lenovo Group which makes IBM the second largest shareholder following the Chinese government<ref>[http://www.idc.com/about/iw_lenovo_acquires_ibm_pc.jsp Lenovo Acquires IBM's Personal [[Computing]] Division]</ref>. This move gave IBM a crucial foothold in the very large Chinese [[information technology]] market.  IBM currently sells computer hardware and software while continuing to offer infrastructure and consulting services for other businesses. IBM was the first company to introduce the desktop computer, in the form of the IBM 5100 series in 1975.

While the term "IBM compatible" has been widely used to indicate that a personal [[computer]] can use the [[Microsoft Windows]] Operating System, as of 2005 IBM no longer directly manufactured personal computers. The personal [[computer]] manufacturing arm of IBM was sold to the Chinese company [[Lenovo]] in 2005 in return giving IBM an 18.9% ownership stake in Lenovo Group which makes IBM the second largest shareholder following the Chinese government.<ref>[http://www.idc.com/about/iw_lenovo_acquires_ibm_pc.jsp Lenovo Acquires IBM's Personal [[Computing]] Division]</ref>  This move gave IBM a crucial foothold in the very large Chinese [[information technology]] market.  IBM currently sells computer hardware and software while continuing to offer infrastructure and consulting services for other businesses. IBM was the first company to introduce the desktop computer, in the form of the IBM 5100 series in 1975.

===Linux===

===Linux===

IBM is also a strong advocate<ref>[http://www-03.ibm.com/linux/ IBM and Linux]</ref> for the [[GNU]]/[[Linux]] operating system. This advocacy followed on the heels of IBM's failure to gain wide acceptance for its' [[OS/2]] personal desktop operating system. In 2005 IBM stated that [[OS/2]] users should consider migration to Linux<ref>[http://www-306.ibm.com/software/os/warp/migration.html OS/2 Warp Upgrades and migrations]</ref>. Some [[OS/2]] users and marketers created a rebranded [[OS/2]] called [[eComStation]] with the permission of IBM. The [[eComStation]] operating system runs previous [[OS/2]] applications as well as new applications ported from [[Open Source]] projects. Further development of [[eComStation]] continues by third parties to keep [[eComStation]] running on newer hardware.

IBM is also a strong advocate<ref>[http://www-03.ibm.com/linux/ IBM and Linux]</ref> for the [[GNU]]/[[Linux]] operating system. This advocacy followed on the heels of IBM's failure to gain wide acceptance for its' [[OS/2]] personal desktop operating system. In 2005 IBM stated that [[OS/2]] users should consider migration to Linux.<ref>[http://www-306.ibm.com/software/os/warp/migration.html OS/2 Warp Upgrades and migrations]</ref> Some [[OS/2]] users and marketers created a rebranded [[OS/2]] called [[eComStation]] with the permission of IBM. The [[eComStation]] operating system runs previous [[OS/2]] applications as well as new applications ported from [[Open Source]] projects. Further development of [[eComStation]] continues by third parties to keep [[eComStation]] running on newer hardware.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Carroll, Paul. ''Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM'' (1994)

* Carroll, Paul. ''Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM'' (1994)

== See Also ==

== See also ==

* [[Apple]]

* [[Apple]]

* [[Microsoft]]

* [[Microsoft]]

==External Links==

==External links==

*[http://www.ibm.com/ IBM]<br />

*[http://www.ibm.com/ IBM]

*[http://www.lenovo.com/ Lenovo]<br />

*[http://www.lenovo.com/ Lenovo]

*[http://www.ecomstation.com/ eComStation]

*[http://www.ecomstation.com/ eComStation]

[[category:Business]]

[[Category:Business]]

[[category:computers]]

[[Category:Computers]]

== See Also ==

== See also ==

* [[Gallery of American Heroes]]

* [[Gallery of American Heroes]]

* [[World Famous Pictures]]

* [[World Famous Pictures]]