Changes

That is true, but many people who [[exercise]], eat fruits and vegetables, still have high cholesterol level, experience heart attacks, [[stroke]]s, and even die, as the result of atherosclerosis. For this reason doctors prescribe [[statins]] to millions of patients.

That is true, but many people who [[exercise]], eat fruits and vegetables, still have high cholesterol level, experience heart attacks, [[stroke]]s, and even die, as the result of atherosclerosis. For this reason doctors prescribe [[statins]] to millions of patients.

Physicians recognize two types of cholesterol; [[HDL]] (high-density lipoproteins) and [[LDL]] (low-density lipoproteins). HDL is considered to be "good" cholesterol while LDL is considered to be "bad" cholesterol.  Some physicians maintain that for good physical health the ratio between these two be considered rather than the sum, so that a high cholesterol level is not considered an adverse health issue if the ratio between the two (LDL:HDL) is low. Typically the ratio is about 4:1.  That ratio can be achieved either by lowering LDL, by raising HDL, or by both ways, by using appropriate medication. Contrary to this belief, very recently published (May 16, 2012)  reputable research <ref> http://www.webmd.com/salynn-boyles WebMD Health News,  „Raising HDL Levels May Not Lower Heart Attack Risk.“ </ref> announced: „''studies failed to show a link between higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL and lower heart attack risk.  ... studies of HDL-raising drugs have been largely disappointing.''“ It is quite disappointing indeed: since neither lowering LDL nor raising HDL helps preventing [[cardio-vascular disease]]s, then why are we wasting billions of dollars on those meaningless, if not harmful drugs?

Physicians recognize two types of cholesterol; [[HDL]] (high-density lipoproteins) and [[LDL]] (low-density lipoproteins). HDL is considered to be "good" cholesterol while LDL is considered to be "bad" cholesterol.  Some physicians maintain that for good physical health the ratio between these two be considered rather than the sum, so that a high cholesterol level is not considered an adverse health issue if the ratio between the two (LDL:HDL) is low. Typically the ratio is about 4:1.  That ratio can be achieved either by lowering LDL, by raising HDL, or by both ways, by using appropriate medication. Contrary to this belief, very recently published (May 16, 2012)  reputable research <ref>http://www.webmd.com/salynn-boyles WebMD Health News,  „Raising HDL Levels May Not Lower Heart Attack Risk.“</ref> announced: „''studies failed to show a link between higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL and lower heart attack risk.  ... studies of HDL-raising drugs have been largely disappointing.''“ It is quite disappointing indeed: since neither lowering LDL nor raising HDL helps preventing [[cardio-vascular disease]]s, then why are we wasting billions of dollars on those meaningless, if not harmful drugs?

Atherosclerosis and the cholesterol issue are not equally pervading around the world. This is an ethnic-related phenomenon, related somehow to national eating cultures, but not exclusively to them. It is mostly Americans who care so much about cholesterol, yet atherosclerosis kills Americans by millions. So called "French paradox" points out to the well-known fact that many other nations (the French, Swiss, Russians and a number of others)  do not have a massive atherosclerosis problem even though their diet is very "unhealthy" by American standards.   

Atherosclerosis and the cholesterol issue are not equally pervading around the world. This is an ethnic-related phenomenon, related somehow to national eating cultures, but not exclusively to them. It is mostly Americans who care so much about cholesterol, yet atherosclerosis kills Americans by millions. So called "French paradox" points out to the well-known fact that many other nations (the French, Swiss, Russians and a number of others)  do not have a massive atherosclerosis problem even though their diet is very "unhealthy" by American standards.   

The cholesterol research was pioneered in 1950 by Ancel Keys, who came up with a [[hypothesis]] that heart diseases were caused by eating high-cholesterol foods, animal fats in first place. Over the following twenty years Keys led an extensive research project, alas, not to test his hypothesis, but to prove it.  

The cholesterol research was pioneered in 1950 by Ancel Keys, who came up with a [[hypothesis]] that heart diseases were caused by eating high-cholesterol foods, animal fats in first place. Over the following twenty years Keys led an extensive research project, alas, not to test his hypothesis, but to prove it.  

Keys studied correlation between [[cardio-vascular disease]]s (CVD) and concentration of cholesterol in blood in people of  22 nations, but used for publication data from seven nations, only those whose data agreed with his hypothesis. That became his famous "Seven Countries study" (12,763 men only, 40-59 year old). <ref>A. Keys - Seven Countries. A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease, Harvard University Press </ref>

Keys studied correlation between [[cardio-vascular disease]]s (CVD) and concentration of cholesterol in blood in people of  22 nations, but used for publication data from seven nations, only those whose data agreed with his hypothesis. That became his famous "Seven Countries study" (12,763 men only, 40-59 year old).<ref>A. Keys - Seven Countries. A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease, Harvard University Press</ref>

Keys was able to indoctrinate the American public, doctors and the pharmaceutical industry, who quickly recognized the huge business potential. Keys’s  doctrine still rules, and its legitimate criticism is largely ignored. The criticism is neither trivial non un-professional; here is a typical example:

Keys was able to indoctrinate the American public, doctors and the pharmaceutical industry, who quickly recognized the huge business potential. Keys’s  doctrine still rules, and its legitimate criticism is largely ignored. The criticism is neither trivial non un-professional; here is a typical example:

''“...careful examination of the death rates and associations between diet and death rates reveal a massive set of inconsistencies and contradictions. . .  It is almost inconceivable that the Seven Countries study was performed with such scientific abandon. It is also dumbfounding how the NHLBI/AHA alliance ignored such sloppiness... In summary, the diet-CHD relationship reported for the Seven Countries study cannot be taken seriously by the objective and critical scientist."'' <ref>Diet, Blood Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease:
A Critical Review of the Literature, Volume 2, November 1991 </ref>

''“...careful examination of the death rates and associations between diet and death rates reveal a massive set of inconsistencies and contradictions. . .  It is almost inconceivable that the Seven Countries study was performed with such scientific abandon. It is also dumbfounding how the NHLBI/AHA alliance ignored such sloppiness... In summary, the diet-CHD relationship reported for the Seven Countries study cannot be taken seriously by the objective and critical scientist."'' <ref>Diet, Blood Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review of the Literature, Volume 2, November 1991</ref>

And another example:

And another example:

''“One of the largest studies ... used rather questionable methods: all prospective subjects were given the investigative drug (Simvastatin) for 6 weeks, and anyone showing signs of abnormal responses to the drug was excluded from the formal study.”... “ ... and resulted in fully two-thirds of the initial pool of subjects being ineligible for the study.''” <ref> http://www.answers.com/topic/ancel-keys </ref> <ref> Heart Protection Study, Lancet. 2002 Jul 6;360(9326):7-22 </ref>  If that is not a fraud, what is?

''“One of the largest studies ... used rather questionable methods: all prospective subjects were given the investigative drug (Simvastatin) for 6 weeks, and anyone showing signs of abnormal responses to the drug was excluded from the formal study.”... “ ... and resulted in fully two-thirds of the initial pool of subjects being ineligible for the study.''” <ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/ancel-keys</ref><ref>Heart Protection Study, Lancet. 2002 Jul 6;360(9326):7-22</ref>  If that is not a fraud, what is?

A contributing factor may be a very high consumption of [[sugar]] in USA. A statistical American consumes twenty times more sugar now, comparing to Americans two hundred years ago, and that coincides with the growth in heart diseases in that period. <ref> http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2012/02/by-2606-us-diet-will-be-100-percent.html  Stephan Guyenet, based on statistics from old US Department of Commerce reports and the USDA </ref>

A contributing factor may be a very high consumption of [[sugar]] in USA. A statistical American consumes twenty times more sugar now, comparing to Americans two hundred years ago, and that coincides with the growth in heart diseases in that period.<ref>http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2012/02/by-2606-us-diet-will-be-100-percent.html  Stephan Guyenet, based on statistics from old US Department of Commerce reports and the USDA</ref>

There is also a growing, although all too slowly, awareness among doctors and scientists that chronic [[inflammation]]s contribute as much to atherosclerosis as does excessive cholesterol concentration. That is evident especially in case of [[thrombosis]], that is plaques which burst open, sending their fragments into the [[blood vessel]]s, often clogging them, with grave or fatal results.  Inflammation is a beneficial tool of fighting many diseases e.g. bacterial ones, but a long-lasting ("[[chronic]]") inflammation is harmful. Study of this subject <ref> Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses; John Danesh et al., British Medical Journal 2000 July 22; 321(7255): 199–204. </ref> <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html </ref> <ref> Heart on Fire, Scientific America, June 1998 </ref> concluded: „... '' markers of low grade inflammation were associated with one another and with future risk of coronary heart disease ..... These findings ... suggest that low grade inflammatory processes may be relevant to coronary heart disease.”''

There is also a growing, although all too slowly, awareness among doctors and scientists that chronic [[inflammation]]s contribute as much to atherosclerosis as does excessive cholesterol concentration. That is evident especially in case of [[thrombosis]], that is plaques which burst open, sending their fragments into the [[blood vessel]]s, often clogging them, with grave or fatal results.  Inflammation is a beneficial tool of fighting many diseases e.g. bacterial ones, but a long-lasting ("[[chronic]]") inflammation is harmful. Study of this subject <ref>Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses; John Danesh et al., British Medical Journal 2000 July 22; 321(7255): 199–204.</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html</ref><ref>Heart on Fire, Scientific America, June 1998</ref> concluded: „... '' markers of low grade inflammation were associated with one another and with future risk of coronary heart disease ..... These findings ... suggest that low grade inflammatory processes may be relevant to coronary heart disease.”''

The term "markers of inflammation" requires explanation. If a visible part of the body is inflamed, redness and/or [[swelling]] allows to notice it. Inflammation inside the body needs other means of detection, usually the presence of some substances in blood, called "markers", which allow detection of an inflammation and measuring its intensity. The most commonly used marker of inflammation is "C-reactive protein" (CRP). If blood tests show elevated CRP levels repeatedly and consistently, then treatment with [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs [[statins]], [[Aspirin]], enteric-coated Aspirin for stomach protection, [[Tylenol]], can be considered. It needs to be remembered though that Aspirin, Tylenol and other drugs from that group cause some burden to the [[kidney]]s. If used together with [[blood pressure]]-controlling drugs, that burden is severe. If Aspirin or Tylenol etc. is used together with blood pressure-controlling drugs and any [[diuretic]] (urination-enhancing) drug is added to the former two, then kidneys are devastated very quickly by that "Triple Whammy". <ref> “Recent studies have identified the ‘triple whammy’ in which combinations of diuretics, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s ([[NSAID]]s), ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARA) may impair renal function.”

The term "markers of inflammation" requires explanation. If a visible part of the body is inflamed, redness and/or [[swelling]] allows to notice it. Inflammation inside the body needs other means of detection, usually the presence of some substances in blood, called "markers", which allow detection of an inflammation and measuring its intensity. The most commonly used marker of inflammation is "C-reactive protein" (CRP). If blood tests show elevated CRP levels repeatedly and consistently, then treatment with [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs [[statins]], [[Aspirin]], enteric-coated Aspirin for stomach protection, [[Tylenol]], can be considered. It needs to be remembered though that Aspirin, Tylenol and other drugs from that group cause some burden to the [[kidney]]s. If used together with [[blood pressure]]-controlling drugs, that burden is severe. If Aspirin or Tylenol etc. is used together with blood pressure-controlling drugs and any [[diuretic]] (urination-enhancing) drug is added to the former two, then kidneys are devastated very quickly by that "Triple Whammy".<ref>“Recent studies have identified the ‘triple whammy’ in which combinations of diuretics, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s ([[NSAID]]s), ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARA) may impair renal function.”

“Drug combinations and impaired renal function – the ‘triple whammy”

“Drug combinations and impaired renal function – the ‘triple whammy”

Katarzyna K. Loboz1, Gillian M. Shenfield

Katarzyna K. Loboz1, Gillian M. Shenfield

</ref> <ref> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.2005.59.issue-2/issuetoc  British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, pages 239–243, February 2005 </ref>   

</ref><ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.2005.59.issue-2/issuetoc  British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, pages 239–243, February 2005</ref>   

The growing awareness of the inflammation factor in cardio-vascular diseases sometimes strays into a dangerous direction: developing CRP-suppressing drugs, instead of developing inflammation-suppressing drugs; that is an equivalent of the saying "killing the messenger".

The growing awareness of the inflammation factor in cardio-vascular diseases sometimes strays into a dangerous direction: developing CRP-suppressing drugs, instead of developing inflammation-suppressing drugs; that is an equivalent of the saying "killing the messenger".

Even though it is unclear which contributes more to atherosclerosis: high cholesterol level in blood or chronic inflammations, statins, having both anti-cholesterol and anti-inflammatory properties, may be beneficial both ways. The benefits of using statins is not sure though, and it is controversial due to the side effects, being a significant factor in case of statins. <ref> Beck, Melinda  - Can a Drug That Helps Hearts Be Harmful to the Brain?  Wall Street Journal 12 Feb 2008 </ref>

Even though it is unclear which contributes more to atherosclerosis: high cholesterol level in blood or chronic inflammations, statins, having both anti-cholesterol and anti-inflammatory properties, may be beneficial both ways. The benefits of using statins is not sure though, and it is controversial due to the side effects, being a significant factor in case of statins.<ref>Beck, Melinda  - Can a Drug That Helps Hearts Be Harmful to the Brain?  Wall Street Journal 12 Feb 2008</ref>

Statins do lower the risk of dying from a heart attack, but only slightly:

Statins do lower the risk of dying from a heart attack, but only slightly:

In another study (the CARE trial) 5.7% of people who had a previous heart attack, had another attack within five years if they were not using statins, and 4.6% if they were using statins -  about one percentage point of credit for statins.  

In another study (the CARE trial) 5.7% of people who had a previous heart attack, had another attack within five years if they were not using statins, and 4.6% if they were using statins -  about one percentage point of credit for statins.  

National Cholesterol Education Program of The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has issued the following recommendations on the desirable levels, at which LDL should be kept by medication: less than 70 mg/dl for high-risk groups, less than 100 mg/dl for low-risk groups.  

National Cholesterol Education Program of The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has issued the following recommendations on the desirable levels, at which LDL should be kept by medication: less than 70&nbsp;mg/dl for high-risk groups, less than 100&nbsp;mg/dl for low-risk groups.  

These recommendations are lauded by the pharmaceutical industry, and criticized by many independent researchers. An example of the critics:  ''“Instead of preventing cardiovascular disease the new guidelines may increase the mortality of other diseases” (e.g. kidney),” and transform healthy individuals into unhappy hypochondriacs obsessed with the chemical composition of their food and their blood''.“ <ref> http://www.ravnskov.nu/uffe.htm </ref> The fact cited in references # 6 and #7 (see above: “One of the largest studies ...")  that in the Simvastatin study two thirds of people suffered from adverse side effects, is by no means trivial.

These recommendations are lauded by the pharmaceutical industry, and criticized by many independent researchers. An example of the critics:  ''“Instead of preventing cardiovascular disease the new guidelines may increase the mortality of other diseases” (e.g. kidney),” and transform healthy individuals into unhappy hypochondriacs obsessed with the chemical composition of their food and their blood''.“ <ref>http://www.ravnskov.nu/uffe.htm</ref> The fact cited in references # 6 and #7 (see above: “One of the largest studies ...")  that in the Simvastatin study two thirds of people suffered from adverse side effects, is by no means trivial.

==See Also==

==See also==

* [[Atheism and obesity]]

* [[Atheism and obesity]]