Changes

==Secretary of State==

==Secretary of State==

Still the party leader, Blaine resumed his writing and speaking, and visited Europe. He helped [[Benjamin Harrison]] become the GOP nominee in 1888; in 1889 President Harrison appointed Blaine his Secretary of State. During three years of service in this office, probably the most constructive part of his career, Blaine's focused on relations with Latin-American and Britain. He pushed for an canal across Panama, built, operated, and controlled by the United States; he secured Congressional legislation resulting in the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. Blaine's set up the Bureau of American Republics in Washington.<ref> Healy (2001)</ref> As an early environmentalist he used diplomacy to protect the seal herds in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.<ref>Charles S. Campbell, Jr., "The Anglo-American Crisis in the Bering Sea, 1890-1891." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 1961 48(3): 393-414. Issn: 0161-391x Fulltext: in Jstor </ref> He tried to annex Hawaii (which almost succeeded in early 1893, but was postponed to 1898). Indeed, the permanent influence of Blaine on American life was through his foreign policy. Although Blaine concluded tariff reciprocity agreements with eight Latin American nations, reciprocity negotiations with Canada stalled in 1891-92. Harrison and Blaine feared a political backlash from American farmers and lumbermen if concessions were made to Canada. Blaine's Anglophobia also influenced the outcome of the negotiations, and Canada's negotiators to the end resisted the inclusion of reciprocity on manufactured articles in any treaty.<ref> Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' 1981 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0007-7720 </ref> The two most important reciprocity agreements were signed with Brazil and with Spain for Cuba and Puerto Rico.  

Still the party leader, Blaine resumed his writing and speaking, and visited Europe. He helped [[Benjamin Harrison]] become the GOP nominee in 1888; in 1889 President Harrison appointed Blaine his Secretary of State. During three years of service in this office, probably the most constructive part of his career, Blaine's focused on relations with Latin-American and Britain. He pushed for an canal across Panama, built, operated, and controlled by the United States; he secured Congressional legislation resulting in the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. Blaine's set up the Bureau of American Republics in Washington.<ref>Healy (2001)</ref> As an early environmentalist he used diplomacy to protect the seal herds in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.<ref>Charles S. Campbell, Jr., "The Anglo-American Crisis in the Bering Sea, 1890-1891." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 1961 48(3): 393-414. Issn: 0161-391x Fulltext: in Jstor</ref> He tried to annex Hawaii (which almost succeeded in early 1893, but was postponed to 1898). Indeed, the permanent influence of Blaine on American life was through his foreign policy. Although Blaine concluded tariff reciprocity agreements with eight Latin American nations, reciprocity negotiations with Canada stalled in 1891-92. Harrison and Blaine feared a political backlash from American farmers and lumbermen if concessions were made to Canada. Blaine's Anglophobia also influenced the outcome of the negotiations, and Canada's negotiators to the end resisted the inclusion of reciprocity on manufactured articles in any treaty.<ref>Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' 1981 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0007-7720</ref> The two most important reciprocity agreements were signed with Brazil and with Spain for Cuba and Puerto Rico.  

Though not a candidate in 1892, Blaine received nearly 200 votes on the first ballot.  After the election Blaine's health failed rapidly, and he died in Washington, on Jan. 27, 1893.

Though not a candidate in 1892, Blaine received nearly 200 votes on the first ballot.  After the election Blaine's health failed rapidly, and he died in Washington, on Jan. 27, 1893.

==Image and reputation==

==Image and reputation==

In foreign policy Blaine was a transitional figure, marking the end of one era in foreign policy and foreshadowing the next. <ref> Healy (2001) p 253 </ref>  He brought energy, imagination and verve to the office in sharp contrast with his somnolent rivals, inspiring his activist twentieth-century successors. He was a pioneer in arbitration treaties, tariff reciprocity, and American administration of Latin American customs houses. to avert civil wars over the revenue stream.  Blaine wanted the the U.S. to be the protector and leader of the Western Hemisphere, even if the Latin America countries disagreed. He insisted on keeping the Americas away from European control while favoring peaceful arbitration and negotiations rather than war. Blaine forcefully argued for the national interests of his country. He kept the big picture firmly in mind, seeking long-term programs and not simply short-term fixes for the matter at hand.  

In foreign policy Blaine was a transitional figure, marking the end of one era in foreign policy and foreshadowing the next.<ref>Healy (2001) p 253</ref>  He brought energy, imagination and verve to the office in sharp contrast with his somnolent rivals, inspiring his activist twentieth-century successors. He was a pioneer in arbitration treaties, tariff reciprocity, and American administration of Latin American customs houses. to avert civil wars over the revenue stream.  Blaine wanted the the U.S. to be the protector and leader of the Western Hemisphere, even if the Latin America countries disagreed. He insisted on keeping the Americas away from European control while favoring peaceful arbitration and negotiations rather than war. Blaine forcefully argued for the national interests of his country. He kept the big picture firmly in mind, seeking long-term programs and not simply short-term fixes for the matter at hand.  

''Puck'' cartoon artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and ''Harper's Weekly'' cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref> Makemson (2004) </ref>

''Puck'' cartoon artists Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam and ''Harper's Weekly'' cartoonist Thomas Nast all shared a desire to discredit Republican candidate James Blaine by ascribing to him characteristics of scandal during the presidential campaign of 1884. The article explores how cartoonists differed in their approaches using the concept of "scandal intertextuality." In doing so, it shows how these artists borrowed not only from previous scandals and debates about cultural norms of the time but also from each other.<ref>Makemson (2004)</ref>

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375—412. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2510229  in JSTOR]

* Bastert, Russell H. “A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy.” ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 39 (1959): 375—412. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2510229  in JSTOR]

* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.''  (2000).  

* Crapol, Edward P. ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.''  (2000).  

* Healy, David. ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]

* Healy, David. ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]

* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 —78.  

* Langley, Lester D. “James Gillespie Blaine: The Idealogue as Diplomat.” in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., ''Makers of Modern Diplomacy'', (1974). pp 253 –78.  

* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109-84. (1928).

* Lockey, James B. “James G. Blaine.” In Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed., ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy,'' vol. 7, 263 — 97, and vol. 8, 109-84. (1928).

* Makemson, Harlen. "One Misdeed Evokes Another: How Political Cartoonists Used 'Scandal Intertextuality' Against Presidential Candidate James G. Blaine." ''Media History Monographs'' 2004-05 7(2): 1-21. [http://facstaff.elon.edu/dcopeland/mhm/volume7.htm online edition]

* Makemson, Harlen. "One Misdeed Evokes Another: How Political Cartoonists Used 'Scandal Intertextuality' Against Presidential Candidate James G. Blaine." ''Media History Monographs'' 2004-05 7(2): 1-21. [http://facstaff.elon.edu/dcopeland/mhm/volume7.htm online edition]

* Stanwood, Edward.  ''James Gillespie Blaine'' (1905) old fashioned but generally accurate. 377 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=VLVpNX5RCVMC&pg=PA1&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Stanwood, Edward.  ''James Gillespie Blaine'' (1905) old fashioned but generally accurate. 377 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=VLVpNX5RCVMC&pg=PA1&dq=intitle:blaine&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Tyler, Alice Felt. ''The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine'' (1927) 411 pages  

* Tyler, Alice Felt. ''The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine'' (1927) 411 pages  

* Volwiler, A. T. "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,'' Vol. 79, No. 4 (Nov. 15, 1938), pp. 637-648 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/984943 in JSTOR];   

* Volwiler, A. T. "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,'' Vol. 79, No. 4 (Nov. 15, 1938), pp.&nbsp;637–648 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/984943 in JSTOR];   

   

   

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

[[Category:Maine]]

[[Category:Maine]]

[[Category:Gilded Age]]

[[Category:Gilded Age]]

[[category:Republican Party]]

[[Category:Republican Party]]

[[Category:American Civil War]]

[[Category:American Civil War]]

[[Category:Reconstruction]]

[[Category:Reconstruction]]

[[Category:Corruption]]

[[Category:Corruption]]

[[Category:Failed Presidential Candidates]]

[[Category:Failed Presidential Candidates]]