Changes

In the years between 1928 and 1945 Owen Lattimore wrote eight books about Asia and China. In his first book, ''Desert Road to Turkestan'' (1928), Lattimore wrote, "I should be inclined to say that a very strong case can be made out for the Soviet position."<ref>''Desert Road to Turkestan'' by Owen Lattimore (Boston, 1928), pg. 247.</ref> In a later book, ''Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict'' (1935), Lattimore writes, "Russia appears to be the only nation of the modern world that is 'young' enough to have 'men of destiny.' It creates its [[Lenin]] and its [[Stalin]]. . . . Russia, more than China and more than any nation of the West, is launched upon a career of growth"<ref>''Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict'' by Owen Lattimore (Rev. 1935), pg. 293.</ref> Lattimore characterized China, which was to become the victim of this communist "growth," by such adjectives as "[[aggressive]]," and "[[expansionist]]." Lattimore depicted China as an aggressor in Manchuria, writing that the [[Soviet Union]], China and [[Japan]] all had ambitions in Manchuria, but that the Soviet Union had more right there than China or Japan. In 1940, Lattimore characterized Soviet policy in Mongolia as "in the interests of the Mongol people as a whole."

In the years between 1928 and 1945 Owen Lattimore wrote eight books about Asia and China. In his first book, ''Desert Road to Turkestan'' (1928), Lattimore wrote, "I should be inclined to say that a very strong case can be made out for the Soviet position."<ref>''Desert Road to Turkestan'' by Owen Lattimore (Boston, 1928), pg. 247.</ref> In a later book, ''Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict'' (1935), Lattimore writes, "Russia appears to be the only nation of the modern world that is 'young' enough to have 'men of destiny.' It creates its [[Lenin]] and its [[Stalin]]. . . . Russia, more than China and more than any nation of the West, is launched upon a career of growth"<ref>''Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict'' by Owen Lattimore (Rev. 1935), pg. 293.</ref> Lattimore characterized China, which was to become the victim of this communist "growth," by such adjectives as "[[aggressive]]," and "[[expansionist]]." Lattimore depicted China as an aggressor in Manchuria, writing that the [[Soviet Union]], China and [[Japan]] all had ambitions in Manchuria, but that the Soviet Union had more right there than China or Japan. In 1940, Lattimore characterized Soviet policy in Mongolia as "in the interests of the Mongol people as a whole."

In July of 1938 IPR obtained a grant of $90,000 (equivalent to about [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Data/US-Inflation/inf_calculator.cfm?first=90000&year1=1938&year2=2012 $1.5 million today]) from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to perform a study of Asia. Lattimore wrote to IPR President [[Edward C. Carter]], “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the absolutely essential radical aspects, but can be depended on to do it with the right touch."

In July 1938 IPR obtained a grant of $90,000 (equivalent to about [http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/Data/US-Inflation/inf_calculator.cfm?first=90000&year1=1938&year2=2012 $1.5 million today]) from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to perform a study of Asia. Lattimore wrote to IPR President [[Edward C. Carter]], “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the absolutely essential radical aspects, but can be depended on to do it with the right touch."

"Asiaticus" was the pen name of the veteran Polish-born Comintern agent in Shanghai, Moses Wolf Grzyb, alias M. G. Shippe (or Schiffe), alias Hans (or Heinz) Muëller (or Moëller). Lattimore frequently published articles under this pseudonym in the IPR journal ''Pacific Affairs'' during his tenure as editor in 1934-41.<ref>Robert P. Newman, ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e11129&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China]'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ISBN 0-520-07388-6, p. 452</ref> "Han-seng" was Chen Han-seng, a Soviet agent and member of Richard Sorge's Soviet spy ring.<ref>Maochen Yu, "[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1AE.pdf Chen Hansheng's Memoirs and Chinese Communist Espionage]," ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', 6-7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 274; Cf. Chiang, Yung-chen (2001). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IRQFRG8O8JYC&pg=PA159 Social Engineering and the Social Sciences in China, 1919-1949]''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–163. ISBN 9780521770149</ref> "Chi" was Chi Chao-ting, a U.S.-educated Red Chinese spy who had infiltrated the Kuomintang.<ref>Lifu Chen, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993] (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator] (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126)</ref>

"Asiaticus" was the pen name of the veteran Polish-born Comintern agent in Shanghai, Moses Wolf Grzyb, alias M. G. Shippe (or Schiffe), alias Hans (or Heinz) Muëller (or Moëller). Lattimore frequently published articles under this pseudonym in the IPR journal ''Pacific Affairs'' during his tenure as editor in 1934-41.<ref>Robert P. Newman, ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e11129&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China]'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ISBN 0-520-07388-6, p. 452</ref> "Han-seng" was Chen Han-seng, a Soviet agent and member of Richard Sorge's Soviet spy ring.<ref>Maochen Yu, "[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1AE.pdf Chen Hansheng's Memoirs and Chinese Communist Espionage]," ''Cold War International History Project Bulletin'', 6-7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 274; Cf. Chiang, Yung-chen (2001). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IRQFRG8O8JYC&pg=PA159 Social Engineering and the Social Sciences in China, 1919-1949]''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–163. ISBN 9780521770149</ref> "Chi" was Chi Chao-ting, a U.S.-educated Red Chinese spy who had infiltrated the Kuomintang.<ref>Lifu Chen, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993] (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator] (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126)</ref>

On November 25, 1941, twelve days before Pearl Harbor, Lattimore dispatched an anxious cable to Currie in the [[White House]] arguing against a proposed diplomatic understanding between the United States and Japan. When Congress later investigated the Pearl Harbor attack, U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] testified that he took a tough line with the Japanese because of this cable from Lattimore to Currie reporting on Chinese morale in the Kuomintang. This cable was the only documentary evidence Hull presented which influenced his decision to reverse himself and send the ultimatum to Japan.<ref>Testimony of Cordell Hull, November 23, 1945. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 2, 434-435 and Unnumbered Volume, pp. 36-37.</ref> The use of harsh, demanding language toward Japan only strengthened the position of the war party in Tokyo. Japanese Ambassador Nomura found it impossible to reach an agreement because the U.S. demands were extreme.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref>  

On November 25, 1941, twelve days before Pearl Harbor, Lattimore dispatched an anxious cable to Currie in the [[White House]] arguing against a proposed diplomatic understanding between the United States and Japan. When Congress later investigated the Pearl Harbor attack, U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] testified that he took a tough line with the Japanese because of this cable from Lattimore to Currie reporting on Chinese morale in the Kuomintang. This cable was the only documentary evidence Hull presented which influenced his decision to reverse himself and send the ultimatum to Japan.<ref>Testimony of Cordell Hull, November 23, 1945. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 2, 434-435 and Unnumbered Volume, pp. 36-37.</ref> The use of harsh, demanding language toward Japan only strengthened the position of the war party in Tokyo. Japanese Ambassador Nomura found it impossible to reach an agreement because the U.S. demands were extreme.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref>  

Prof. Anthony Kubek has written that Lattimore, by this one act, designed to accomplish the Soviet objective of promoting war between the United States and Japan -- did more to promote the Sovietization of China than in any other act of his career. All [[Comintern]] designs for conquest of China hinged upon destroying Japan and the balance of power in the Pacific. <ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''.  The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953.  The bipartisan investigation lasted for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103]  Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref>  

Prof. Anthony Kubek has written that Lattimore, by this one act, designed to accomplish the Soviet objective of promoting war between the United States and Japan—did more to promote the Sovietization of China than in any other act of his career. All [[Comintern]] designs for conquest of China hinged upon destroying Japan and the balance of power in the Pacific.<ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''.  The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953.  The bipartisan investigation lasted for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103]  Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref>  

Following Pearl Harbor, Lattimore became director of Pacific Operations for the [[Office of War Information]]. In 1942 he and Currie tried to get a commission in military intelligence for [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]]. The following year, Lattimore instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace non-Communist Chinese of the OWI with Communists; OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  This [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] allies with the United States. <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

Following Pearl Harbor, Lattimore became director of Pacific Operations for the [[Office of War Information]]. In 1942 he and Currie tried to get a commission in military intelligence for [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]]. The following year, Lattimore instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace non-Communist Chinese of the OWI with Communists; OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  This [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces—in the midst of the war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] allies with the United States.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

At President Roosevelt's request, Lattimore accompanied US Vice-President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] on a mission to China in 1944, for the US Office of War Information.[http://content.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2411&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress]. During this visit, which overlapped the [[D-Day]] landings, Wallace and his delegation stopped over in Siberia and were given a tour of the [[Magadan]] concentration camp at [[Kolyma]], which [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/solzhenitsyn-lecture.html Nobel laureate] [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn|Alexandr Solzhenitsyn]] dubbed the "pole of cold and cruelty."<ref>Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6XCUeU3soM4C The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956]'' (HarperCollins, 2002) ISBN 0060007761, p. 211</ref> "[T]he Soviet government sent upwards of one million prisoners to Magadan for servitude in the hard labor camps of the Kolyma..." writes [http://memory.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfabout/mfack.html Library of Congress historian] David J. Nordlander. "Standing as the most notorious center of the Gulag, indeed as its 'capital,' Magadan became synonymous with [http://books.google.com/books?id=16l79hfKMzEC the Great Terror]."<ref>David J. Nordlander, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501047 Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s]," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1998), p. 791</ref> According to [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n8_v49/ai_19336552/ ex-Communist] Marvin Liebman, one of the camp's prisoners, Elinor Lipper (author of ''[http://books.google.com/books?cd=1&id=1jMeAAAAIAAJ Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps]''), told him of an incident during Wallace's visit:

At President Roosevelt's request, Lattimore accompanied US Vice-President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] on a mission to China in 1944, for the US Office of War Information.[http://content.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2411&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress]. During this visit, which overlapped the [[D-Day]] landings, Wallace and his delegation stopped over in Siberia and were given a tour of the [[Magadan]] concentration camp at [[Kolyma]], which [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/solzhenitsyn-lecture.html Nobel laureate] [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn|Alexandr Solzhenitsyn]] dubbed the "pole of cold and cruelty."<ref>Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6XCUeU3soM4C The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956]'' (HarperCollins, 2002) ISBN 0060007761, p. 211</ref> "[T]he Soviet government sent upwards of one million prisoners to Magadan for servitude in the hard labor camps of the Kolyma..." writes [http://memory.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfabout/mfack.html Library of Congress historian] David J. Nordlander. "Standing as the most notorious center of the Gulag, indeed as its 'capital,' Magadan became synonymous with [http://books.google.com/books?id=16l79hfKMzEC the Great Terror]."<ref>David J. Nordlander, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2501047 Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s]," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1998), p. 791</ref> According to [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n8_v49/ai_19336552/ ex-Communist] Marvin Liebman, one of the camp's prisoners, Elinor Lipper (author of ''[http://books.google.com/books?cd=1&id=1jMeAAAAIAAJ Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps]''), told him of an incident during Wallace's visit:

Lattimore was identified by U.S. Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] as a Communist and under Party discipline. Former Communist Party member [[Louis Budenz]] corroborated McCarthy's claims and detailed how Lattimore had been of service to the Communist Party in the ''Amerasia'' case.  

Lattimore was identified by U.S. Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] as a Communist and under Party discipline. Former Communist Party member [[Louis Budenz]] corroborated McCarthy's claims and detailed how Lattimore had been of service to the Communist Party in the ''Amerasia'' case.  

In a unanimous report, the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] classified Lattimore as a "conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy". <ref>US Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Report No. 2050, p. 224.</ref>  

In a unanimous report, the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] classified Lattimore as a "conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy".<ref>US Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Report No. 2050, p. 224.</ref>  

Lattimore wrote a letter of introduction to [[KGB]] operative [[Lauchlin Currie]] for [[Haakon Chevalier]], who was attempting to obtain a government job. (Chevalier would later try to recruit [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] into the conspiracy to supply the Soviets with the secret of is the atomic bomb.) Currie also recommended Lattimore to [[Franklin Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] to serve as a special advisor to [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. Currie gave evidence in New York to a grand jury investigating Lattimore's role in the publication by ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine of secret State Department documents.  In December 1952, Lattimore was indicted for perjury.<ref>{{cite book

Lattimore wrote a letter of introduction to [[KGB]] operative [[Lauchlin Currie]] for [[Haakon Chevalier]], who was attempting to obtain a government job. (Chevalier would later try to recruit [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] into the conspiracy to supply the Soviets with the secret of is the atomic bomb.) Currie also recommended Lattimore to [[Franklin Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] to serve as a special advisor to [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. Currie gave evidence in New York to a grand jury investigating Lattimore's role in the publication by ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine of secret State Department documents.  In December 1952, Lattimore was indicted for perjury.<ref>{{cite book

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

  | title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

  | id = ISBN 0-89526-472-2}}

  | isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = McCarthy

  | last = McCarthy

  | title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

  | title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

  | publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

  | id = ISBN 0-87968-308-2}}

  | isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

{{cite book

  | last = McCarthy

  | last = McCarthy