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| | |infraorder= | | |infraorder= |
| | |superfamily= | | |superfamily= |
| − | |families=Strigidae<br/>Tytonidae | + | |families=[[Strigidae]]<br/>[[Tytonidae]] |
| | |family= | | |family= |
| | |subfamily= | | |subfamily= |
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| | |conservation= | | |conservation= |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | '''Owls''' are medium to large birds of prey of the order Strigiformes, the nocturnal equivalent of the falcons, hawks, and eagles. | + | '''Owls''' are medium to large [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] of the order Strigiformes, the nocturnal equivalent of [[falcon]]s, [[hawk]]s, and [[eagle]]s. Owls are the only animal that lacks ocular muscles in their eyes, and thus have to rotate their heads in order to look in a different direction.<ref>https://www.schlitzaudubon.org/2018/10/02/nocturnal-adaptations/#:~:text=Though%20owls%20have%20large%20eyes,is%20happening%20on%20the%20periphery.</ref> |
| | + | |
| | + | ==Description== |
| | + | Owls have a very typical shape which makes them immediately stand out from other birds. The body is squat and the head is strikingly large and roundish. They have large, forward-facing eyes with a relatively shortened [[retina]] and a convex lens, surrounded by a long tube of scleral nodules, the scleral ring. These eyes allow them to see objects spatially and to estimate speed and distance (binocular vision). The eyes themselves are immovable, instead the animals can rotate their heads up to 270°, which greatly expands the facial field. The eyes are protected by upper and lower eyelids, as well as by a nictitating membrane skin that can cover the eye. |
| | + | |
| | + | While other bird species usually have small round ear openings, owls are characterized by slit-like ear openings that are almost as long as the head is high. They are also not arranged symmetrically on the head; the right ear opening is somewhat higher, and this asymmetry is variable depending on the type of owl. The part of the brain in which the hearing center is located is very well developed, with as many as 95,000 nerve cells supporting hearing (by comparison, a common crow has only 27,000), with the ''basilar papilla'' of the [[cochlea]] in the inner ear large relative to the size of the head<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378595585900681</ref>. What it means is a lateral sound is perceived by one ear a fraction of a second before the other ear, resulting in an extremely acute sense of hearing so powerful they can detect the movement of a [[mouse]] and accurately make a kill with the mouse not visible at all, such as under a snowbank or leaf litter. Experiments on [[barn owl]] hearing in the early 1970's show they can successfully kill a mouse in one pass while in a room under total darkness.<ref>http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/how-the-owl-tracks-its-prey/1</ref> This hearing ability was also the subject of a study to find and correct problems in human hearing.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070801091509.htm</ref> |
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| | + | Owls have a large wing area in relation to body weight, with their primary and secondary flight feathers bearing a softened leading edge, allowing for a nearly-silent flight. The feet bear four toes, with the rearward facing toe slightly shortened. The outermost toe is designed as a turning toe and can be turned both forward and backward. The normal position of adult owls is thereby zygodactyl, with two forward and two backward pointing toes. |
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| | ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
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| | ====Strigidae==== | | ====Strigidae==== |
| − | Strigidae consists of nearly 200 living species of what are considered typical or true owls. These birds have large heads with rounded facial disks, and many species bear tufts of feathers on their heads resembling "ears". They range in size from five inches for the elf owl (''Micrathene whitneyi'') to seventy inches in the European eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) and great grey owl (''Strix nebulosa''). | + | Strigidae consists of nearly 200 living species of what are considered typical or true owls. These birds have large heads with rounded facial disks, and many species bear tufts of feathers on their heads resembling "ears". They range in size from five inches for the elf owl (''Micrathene whitneyi'') to seventy inches in the [[Eurasian eagle owl]] (''Bubo bubo'') and [[great grey owl]] (''Strix nebulosa''). |
| | *''[[Aegolius]]''; saw-whet owls | | *''[[Aegolius]]''; saw-whet owls |
| | *''[[Asio]]''; eared owls | | *''[[Asio]]''; eared owls |
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| | *''[[Ciccaba]]''; small genus of four species, formerly classified within ''Strix'' | | *''[[Ciccaba]]''; small genus of four species, formerly classified within ''Strix'' |
| | *''[[Glaucidium]]''; pygmy owls | | *''[[Glaucidium]]''; pygmy owls |
| − | *''[[Gymnoglaux]]''; [[Bare-legged owl]] or [[Cuban screech-owl]]
| |
| | *''[[Lophostrix]]''; [[Crested owl]] | | *''[[Lophostrix]]''; [[Crested owl]] |
| | *''[[Jubula]]''; [[Maned owl]] | | *''[[Jubula]]''; [[Maned owl]] |
| | + | *''[[Margarobyas]]''; [[Bare-legged screech owl]] |
| | *''[[Megascops]]''; screech-owls | | *''[[Megascops]]''; screech-owls |
| | *''[[Micrathene]]''; [[Elf owl]] | | *''[[Micrathene]]''; [[Elf owl]] |
| − | *''[[Mimizuku]]''; [[Giant scops-owl]] or [[Mindanao eagle-owl]]
| |
| | *''[[Nesasio]]''; [[Fearful owl]] | | *''[[Nesasio]]''; [[Fearful owl]] |
| | *''[[Ninox]]''; Australasian hawk-owls | | *''[[Ninox]]''; Australasian hawk-owls |
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| | ====Tytonidae==== | | ====Tytonidae==== |
| | Tytonidae consists of 16 living species of barn and bay owls, in which the main difference from true owls is a heart-shaped facial disk. The common barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is the most widely distributed owl species on earth. | | Tytonidae consists of 16 living species of barn and bay owls, in which the main difference from true owls is a heart-shaped facial disk. The common barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is the most widely distributed owl species on earth. |
| − | | + | *''[[Phodilus]]''; bay owls |
| − | *''Phodilus''; bay owls | + | *''[[Tyto]]''; masked and barn owls |
| − | *''Tyto''; masked and barn owls | |
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| | ==Habitat== | | ==Habitat== |
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| | Owls are also traditionally associated with [[wisdom]]. The [[Greek]] [[goddess]] of wisdom, [[Athena]], is often pictured with an owl. | | Owls are also traditionally associated with [[wisdom]]. The [[Greek]] [[goddess]] of wisdom, [[Athena]], is often pictured with an owl. |
| | + | |
| | + | ==References== |
| | + | <small><references/></small> |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]] | | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]] |