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'''James Madison''' (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836), an American statesman, political theorist, party leader and fourth president of the [[United States]] of America (1809–1817), was one of the most influential [[Founding Fathers]] of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]," Madison played the central role in designing the 1787 document and promoting its ratification. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the [[Federalist Papers]], still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights."  As a political theorist, Madison advanced the theory of [[republicanism]]. Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called ''factions.''<ref>Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al., eds. ''The Democracy Sourcebook'' (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.</ref> He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption (especially of British origin), and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would ensure [[republicanism]] in the United States.<ref>Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.</ref>

'''James Madison''' (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836), an American statesman, political theorist, party leader and fourth president of the [[United States]] of America (1809–1817), was one of the most influential [[Founding Fathers]] of the United States. Misnamed the "Father of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]"—he had little influence on the document—Madison took the most thorough notes during the [[Constitutional Convention]] and wrote many of the [[Federalist Papers]] to promote its ratification, including its influential [[Federalist No. 10]].  Bookish and intellectual, Madison arrived to the Constitutional Convention many days early to pour over documents in preparation, and then developed the "Virginia Plan" for a new bicameral legislature based on population, which the delegates from other states then rejected after the convention began.

 

As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights."  As a political theorist, Madison advanced the theory of [[republicanism]]. Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called ''factions.''<ref>Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al., eds. ''The Democracy Sourcebook'' (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.</ref> He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption (especially of British origin), and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would ensure [[republicanism]] in the United States.<ref>Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.</ref>

As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President [[George Washington]] to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary [[Alexander Hamilton]] in 1792, Madison and [[Thomas Jefferson]] organized the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]]. The new party opposed Hamilton's financial and foreign policies, especially the national bank and the [[Jay Treaty]]. In 1798 to protest the [[Alien and Sedition Laws]] Madison secretly coauthored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] that called for states to block federal laws.

As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President [[George Washington]] to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary [[Alexander Hamilton]] in 1792, Madison and [[Thomas Jefferson]] organized the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]]. The new party opposed Hamilton's financial and foreign policies, especially the national bank and the [[Jay Treaty]]. In 1798 to protest the [[Alien and Sedition Laws]] Madison secretly coauthored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] that called for states to block federal laws.

==Personal life==

==Personal life==

James was the oldest of 12 children of James Madison, Sr., and Nelly Conway. The father, an Anglican vestryman, a justice of the peace, and Orange County's leading planter, was the owner of 4,000 acres and about 100 slaves. James attended a local academy and was home schooled, and went off to Princeton (College of New Jersey) in 1769. Although small, frail and sickly, he was a brilliant student who finished the three-year course in two years and stayed on as Princeton's first graduate student. Studying under erudite president [[John Witherspoon]], a Presbyterian divine, Madison absorbed the classics, and the main books in Enlightenment thought.  

James was the oldest of 12 children of James Madison, Sr., and Nelly Conway. The father, an Anglican vestryman, a justice of the peace, and Orange County's leading planter, was the owner of 4,000 acres and about 100 slaves. James attended a local academy and was home schooled, and went off to Princeton (College of New Jersey) in 1769.  While at Princeton, Madison helped to found the [[American Whig Society]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cmACDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 The Duel: The Parallel Lives of Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr]</ref> a prestigious literary society which is still in existence today. Although small, frail and sickly, he was a brilliant student who finished the three-year course in two years and stayed on as Princeton's first graduate student. Studying under erudite president [[John Witherspoon]], a Presbyterian divine, Madison absorbed the classics, and the main books in Enlightenment thought.  

[[File:Dolley.jpg|thumb|left]]

[[File:Dolley.jpg|thumb|left]]

On September 14, 1794, Madison married [[Dolley Madison|Dolley Payne Todd]], who cut as attractive and vivacious a figure as he did a sickly and anti-social one. Dolley is largely credited with inventing the role of First Lady as political ally and adviser to the president. They had no children.

On September 14, 1794, Madison married [[Dolley Madison|Dolley Payne Todd]], who cut as attractive and vivacious a figure as he did a sickly and anti-social one. Dolley is largely credited with inventing the role of First Lady as political ally and adviser to the president. They had no children.

Both of them were close friends with former President [[Thomas Jefferson]]. They lived on a neighboring hilltop near Jefferson's hilltop estate, [[Monticello]], in Virginia.

Both of them were close friends with former President Thomas Jefferson. They lived on a neighboring hilltop near Jefferson's hilltop estate, [[Monticello]], in Virginia.

President James Madison was an example of a leader who ultimately came to think that the positions of Senate and House Chaplains could not be constitutionally supported, although whether he always held this view (and to what extent he believed it at various times during his life) is a subject of debate.

==Political career==

==Political career==

==Father of the Constitution==

==Father of the Constitution==

Back in the Virginia state legislature, Madison welcomed peace, but soon grew alarmed at the fragility of the [[Articles of Confederation]], and especially at the divisiveness of state governments. He strongly advocated a new constitution to overcome this divisiveness. At the [[Constitutional Convention]] in Philadelphia in 1787, Madison's draft of the [[Virginia Plan]] and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for the final plan.  Though Madison was a shy man, he was one of the more outspoken members of the Continental Congress. He envisioned a strong federal government that could overrule actions of the states when they were deemed mistaken. His notes were the most detailed record, but he refused to allow them to be published until after his death, leaving commentators and judges puzzled for 50 years over what the authors intended by various provisions.<ref>Wood, 2006, pp. 163-64.</ref>

Back in the Virginia state legislature, Madison welcomed peace, but soon grew alarmed at the fragility of the [[Articles of Confederation]], and especially at the divisiveness of state governments. He strongly advocated a new constitution to overcome this divisiveness, and was an important organizer of the 1786 [[Annapolis Convention]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDXjjuFNSTEC&pg=PA46 James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of the Nation]</ref> At the [[Constitutional Convention]] in Philadelphia in 1787, Madison's draft of the [[Virginia Plan]] and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for the final plan.  Though Madison was a shy man, he was one of the more outspoken members of the Continental Congress. He envisioned a strong federal government that could overrule actions of the states when they were deemed mistaken. His [[Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787]] were the most detailed record, but he refused to allow them to be published until after his death, leaving commentators and judges puzzled for 50 years over what the authors intended by various provisions.<ref>Wood, 2006, pp. 163-64.</ref>

Other members of the Virginia delegation to the Convention were [[John Blair]], [[George Mason]], [[James McClurg]], [[Edmund Randolph]], [[George Washington]], and [[George Wythe]].

Other members of the Virginia delegation to the Convention were [[John Blair]], [[George Mason]], [[James McClurg]], [[Edmund Randolph]], [[George Washington]], and [[George Wythe]].

By December 1791, ten of Madison's proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights did not apply to the states until the passages of Fourteenth Amendment gave a federal guarantee to federal rights inside the states.

By December 1791, ten of Madison's proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights did not apply to the states until the passages of Fourteenth Amendment gave a federal guarantee to federal rights inside the states.

==Opposition to Hamilton==

==Opposition to Hamilton==

===Madison vs Hamilton===

===Madison vs Hamilton===

Treasury Secretary [[Alexander Hamilton]] built a nationwide network of supporters that became the [[Federalist Party]], and promoted a strong central government with a national bank. Madison and Jefferson organized the the Republican party in 1792. It opposed Hamilton's domestic and foreign policies and the Federalists overall as centralizers and pro-British elitists who would undermine republican values. Madison led the unsuccessful attempt to block Hamilton's proposed [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]], arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank.<ref>As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, "Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration. Hamilton, ''Writings'' (2001), p. 738. On May 5, 1792, Madison told Washington, "with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place ...I was sensible of its existence". ''Madison Letters'' (1865), 1:554.</ref>

Treasury Secretary [[Alexander Hamilton]] built a nationwide network of supporters that became the [[Federalist Party]], and promoted a strong central government with a national bank. Madison and Jefferson organized the Republican party in 1792. It opposed Hamilton's domestic and foreign policies and the Federalists overall as centralizers and pro-British elitists who would undermine republican values. Madison led the unsuccessful attempt to block Hamilton's proposed [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]], arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank.<ref>As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, "Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration. Hamilton, ''Writings'' (2001), p. 738. On May 5, 1792, Madison told Washington, "with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place ...I was sensible of its existence". ''Madison Letters'' (1865), 1:554.</ref>

===States rights===

===States rights===

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally-oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787-88 to a states-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795.  Madison started with opposing Hamilto; by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. On most major issues Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually won, notably the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the [[Jay Treaty]]. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the [[War of 1812]] led Madison to appreciate the need for a stronger central government. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and [[Gordon S. Wood]], see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787–88 to a states-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795.  Madison started with opposing Hamilto; by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. On most major issues Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually won, notably the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the [[Jay Treaty]]. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the [[War of 1812]] led Madison to appreciate the need for a stronger central government. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and [[Gordon S. Wood]], see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

==Secretary of State: 1801-1809==

==Secretary of State: 1801-1809==

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803, made possible when [[Napoleon]] realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to negotiate for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law.  Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an [[Embargo of 1807|embargo]] to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the northeastern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.  

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803, made possible when [[Napoleon]] realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to [[negotiate]] for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law.  Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an [[Embargo of 1807|embargo]] to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the northeastern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.  

Jefferson and Madison looked to the [[yeoman]]—the independent  farmer—for virtues that were founded on an agrarian economy like that of Virginia. They were determined to avoid war, because war meant large armies, permanent navies, military virtues in opposition to the yeoman, new taxes, and increases in executive power. The result they feared would weaken liberty and republicanism. But they were not isolationist. Instead Jefferson and Madison put their faith in the power of American commerce to achieve their objectives, though threats like the boycott. The boycotts failed and Madison took a poorly prepared nation to war in 1812.<ref>Smith 2004</ref>  

Jefferson and Madison looked to the [[yeoman]]—the independent  farmer—for virtues that were founded on an agrarian economy like that of Virginia. They were determined to avoid war, because war meant large armies, permanent navies, military virtues in opposition to the yeoman, new taxes, and increases in executive power. The result they feared would weaken liberty and republicanism. But they were not isolationist. Instead Jefferson and Madison put their faith in the power of American commerce to achieve their objectives, though threats like the boycott. The boycotts failed and Madison took a poorly prepared nation to war in 1812.<ref>Smith 2004</ref>  

British insults continued, especially the practice of using the Royal Navy to intercept unarmed American merchant ships and "[[impressment|impress]]" (conscript) all sailors who might be British subjects for service in the British navy.  Madison's protests were ignored, so he helped stir up public opinion in the west and south for war. One argument was that an American invasion of Canada (that is, modern Ontario) would be easy and would provide a good bargaining chip. (Since 1940 American and Canadian historians have agreed that Americans did not desire to acquire Canadian lands, but to stop British aid to the hostile Indians.) Madison carefully prepared public opinion for what everyone at the time called "Mr. Madison's War", but failed to build up the army, navy, forts, and state militias. After he convinced Congress to declare war, Madison was re-elected President over [[DeWitt Clinton]] but by a smaller margin than in 1808.  Historians in 2006 ranked Madison's failure to avoid war as the sixth worst presidential mistake ever made.<ref name = "CTV">[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060218/presidential_errors_060218/20060218?hub=World CTV]</ref>  

British insults continued, especially the practice of using the Royal Navy to intercept unarmed American merchant ships and "[[impressment|impress]]" (conscript) all sailors who might be British subjects for service in the British navy.  Madison's protests were ignored, so he helped stir up public opinion in the west and south for war. One argument was that an American invasion of Canada (that is, modern Ontario) would be easy and would provide a good bargaining chip. (Since 1940 American and Canadian historians have agreed that Americans did not desire to acquire Canadian lands, but to stop British aid to the hostile Indians.) Madison carefully prepared public opinion for what everyone at the time called "Mr. Madison's War", but failed to build up the army, navy, forts, and state militias. After he convinced Congress to declare war, Madison was re-elected President over [[DeWitt Clinton]] but by a smaller margin than in 1808.  Historians in 2006 ranked Madison's failure to avoid war as the sixth worst presidential mistake ever made.<ref name = "CTV">[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060218/presidential_errors_060218/20060218?hub=World CTV]</ref>  

In the ensuing [[War of 1812]], the British and their Indian allies won numerous victories, including the capture of Detroit after the American general there surrendered to a smaller force without a fight, and a British raid burned the White House.  The British alliance with the western Indians proved a failure, as the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] in 1813 secured American control of the west, [[Tecumseh]] was killed, and his Indian coalition destroyed at the Battle of the Thames.  A standoff was reached on the Canadian border, as Americans controlled Lake Erie and the British controlled Lake Ontario after a ship-building race. The British sent a major invasion force into New York but Americans sank the supporting fleet and the British retreated to Canada in 1814. At sea, the British blockaded the entire American coastline, cutting off both foreign trade and domestic trade between ports.  Economic hardship was severe in New England, but entrepreneurs built factories that soon became the basis of the industrial revolution in America.

In the ensuing War of 1812, the British and their Indian allies won numerous victories, including the capture of Detroit after the American general there surrendered to a smaller force without a fight, and a British raid burned the White House.  The British alliance with the western Indians proved a failure, as the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] in 1813 secured American control of the west, [[Tecumseh]] was killed, and his Indian coalition destroyed at the Battle of the Thames.  A standoff was reached on the Canadian border, as Americans controlled Lake Erie and the British controlled Lake Ontario after a shipbuilding race. The British sent a major invasion force into New York but Americans sank the supporting fleet and the British retreated to Canada in 1814. At sea, the British blockaded the entire American coastline, cutting off both foreign trade and domestic trade between ports.  Economic hardship was severe in New England, but entrepreneurs built factories that soon became the basis of the industrial revolution in America.

Madison faced formidable obstacles—a divided cabinet, a factious party, a recalcitrant Congress, obstructionist governors, and amazingly incompetent generals, together with militia who refused to fight outside their states. Most serious was lack of unified popular support. There were serious threats of disunion from New England, which engaged in massive smuggling to Canada and refused to provide financial support or soldiers.<ref>Stagg, 1983.</ref> However [[Andrew Jackson]] in the South and [[William Henry Harrison]] in the West destroyed the main Indian threats by 1813.

Madison faced formidable obstacles—a divided cabinet, a factious party, a recalcitrant Congress, obstructionist governors, and amazingly incompetent generals, together with militia who refused to fight outside their states. Most serious was lack of unified popular support. There were serious threats of disunion from New England, which engaged in massive smuggling to Canada and refused to provide financial support or soldiers.<ref>Stagg, 1983.</ref> However [[Andrew Jackson]] in the South and [[William Henry Harrison]] in the West destroyed the main Indian threats by 1813.

Although his health had now almost failed, he managed to produce several memoranda on political subjects, including an essay against the appointment of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces, on the grounds that this produced religious exclusion, but not political harmony.<ref>He was tempted to admit chaplains for the navy, which might well have no other opportunity for worship.  The [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions64.html text] of the memoranda</ref>  

Although his health had now almost failed, he managed to produce several memoranda on political subjects, including an essay against the appointment of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces, on the grounds that this produced religious exclusion, but not political harmony.<ref>He was tempted to admit chaplains for the navy, which might well have no other opportunity for worship.  The [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions64.html text] of the memoranda</ref>  

Madison lived on until 1836, increasingly ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. He was the last remaining signatory of the United States Constitution.

Madison lived on until 1836, increasingly ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. He was the last remaining signatory of the United States Constitution.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HGkXMM-CXxMC&pg=PA87 Virginia's Historic Homes and Gardens]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MlNWU1e9ppUC&pg=PA181 The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler]</ref>

As historian Garry Wills wrote:

As historian Garry Wills wrote:

== Views on national government==

== Views on national government==

Madison was the main drafter of the Constitution at the 1787 Philadelphia convention; his Notes remain the best source of the debates at this secret meeting.  With [[Alexander Hamilton]] and one other he coauthored [[Federalist Papers]] of 1788, which helped convince New York to ratify the Constitution.  The ''Federalist Papers'' remain to this day the most important commentary of the Constitution.

Madison was the main drafter of the Constitution at the 1787 Philadelphia convention; his Notes remain the best source of the debates at this secret meeting.  With Alexander Hamilton and one other he coauthored [[Federalist Papers]] of 1788, which helped convince New York to ratify the Constitution.  The ''Federalist Papers'' remain to this day the most important commentary of the Constitution.

Like other nationalists Madison was disgusted with the weak national government of the 1780s—it was badly organized (with no president and no courts), and lacked the power to raise taxes. It would be unable to defend the new nation in a major war.  Hamilton therefore was a strong proponent of powerful national government at this point. (He changed his mind in the 1790s.)   

Like other nationalists Madison was disgusted with the weak national government of the 1780s—it was badly organized (with no president and no courts), and lacked the power to raise taxes. It would be unable to defend the new nation in a major war.  Hamilton therefore was a strong proponent of powerful national government at this point. (He changed his mind in the 1790s.)   

In the two greatest of all the Federalist Papers, numbers 10 and 51, Madison set forth his “republican remedy for the diseases most incident to republican government.” Those diseases, in his diagnosis, were the diseases attendant on factions. He feared, above all else, factions that might mobilize a plebeian majority capable of invading the rights, especially the property rights, of rich minorities. Since he saw no way to remove the causes of such factions, he set about to control their effects. The crux of that control was his brilliant realization that a large republic would forestall overbearing majorities more effectively than the small republics beloved of all previous democratic theorists. But the precondition of that realization was his distinction between two types of factions.

In the two greatest of all the Federalist Papers, numbers 10 and 51, Madison set forth his “republican remedy for the diseases most incident to republican government.” Those diseases, in his diagnosis, were the diseases attendant on factions. He feared, above all else, factions that might mobilize a plebeian majority capable of invading the rights, especially the property rights, of rich minorities. Since he saw no way to remove the causes of such factions, he set about to control their effects. The crux of that control was his brilliant realization that a large republic would forestall overbearing majorities more effectively than the small republics beloved of all previous democratic theorists. But the precondition of that realization was his distinction between two types of factions.

===Idea of a party system===

===Idea of a party system===

Hofstadter (1969) finds the “idea of a party system” in the pluralistic, antiparty attitudes in the young Republic, especially those of James Madison, primary author of the Constitution (1788) and cofounder of the Republican Party (1793). Americans did not respect English parties of the 18th-century, which were shifting coalitions of politicians in Parliament and not based on the opinions of voters. Colonial American "pre-parties" practiced a vigorous, experience-yielding factionalism. However, deferential colonial politics (as in Virginia) elected men not for their proposals but for their reputation. Liberty and [[republicanism]], the basic values of the Founding Fathers, were to be protected by legislative checks since the checks of the political process were suspect. Ideally, two houses, rather than two parties, would check each other. In advocating the Constitution, antiparty thinkers such as Madison actually were establishing the major force in creating two great parties. Madison envisioned a pluralism among the parties rather than within them. He did not foresee parties as great, bland, enveloping coalitions. Because he feared the tyranny of a majority faction, Madison sought pluralism through a large republic and through majorities made up of weak, precarious coalitions. His view of pluralism owed much to his understanding of the liberties of religious dissent; parties were to resemble the multiplicity of religious sects, as in Virginia.<ref>Richard Hofstadter, ''The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840'' (1969).</ref>

Hofstadter (1969) finds the “idea of a party system” in the pluralistic, antiparty attitudes in the young Republic, especially those of James Madison, primary author of the Constitution (1788) and cofounder of the Republican Party (1793). Americans did not respect English parties of the 18th century, which were shifting coalitions of politicians in Parliament and not based on the opinions of voters. Colonial American "pre-parties" practiced a vigorous, experience-yielding factionalism. However, deferential colonial politics (as in Virginia) elected men not for their proposals but for their reputation. Liberty and [[republicanism]], the basic values of the Founding Fathers, were to be protected by legislative checks since the checks of the political process were suspect. Ideally, two houses, rather than two parties, would check each other. In advocating the Constitution, antiparty thinkers such as Madison actually were establishing the major force in creating two great parties. Madison envisioned a pluralism among the parties rather than within them. He did not foresee parties as great, bland, enveloping coalitions. Because he feared the tyranny of a majority faction, Madison sought pluralism through a large republic and through majorities made up of weak, precarious coalitions. His view of pluralism owed much to his understanding of the liberties of religious dissent; parties were to resemble the multiplicity of religious sects, as in Virginia.<ref>Richard Hofstadter, ''The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840'' (1969).</ref>

==the Right to Bear Arms ==

==the Right to Bear Arms ==

==The War of 1812==

==The War of 1812==

Madison is considered to have been an inadequate President. He failed to resole diplomatically the continuing British seizure of American ships. Instead, he pushed for an unnecessary war, and the U.S. eventually invaded Canada (then still a British colony), in what became known as the [[War of 1812]]. That war saw the seizing of Detroit by Canada, and the burning of Washington, D.C. by the British. Madison's wife, Dolly, is famously remembered for saving a [[portraits|portrait]] of [[George Washington]] just before the British burned the [[White House]]. In [[hindsight]], the War of 1812 is viewed as a needless mistake, but at the time the [[Federalist Party]]'s opposition to the war (and to Madison's Republicans) led to the Federalists being viewed as "unpatriotic" and "anti-American," and the party disbanded soon after the next election year.

Madison is considered to have been an inadequate President. He failed to resole diplomatically the continuing British seizure of American ships. Instead, he pushed for an unnecessary war, and the U.S. eventually invaded Canada (then still a British colony), in what became known as the War of 1812. That war saw the seizing of Detroit by Canada, and the burning of Washington, D.C. by the British. Madison's wife, Dolly, is famously remembered for saving a [[portraits|portrait]] of [[George Washington]] just before the British burned the [[White House]]. In [[hindsight]], the War of 1812 is viewed as a needless mistake, but at the time the [[Federalist Party]]'s opposition to the war (and to Madison's Republicans) led to the Federalists being viewed as "unpatriotic" and "anti-American," and the party disbanded soon after the next election year.

==Madison on Religion and Government==

==Madison on Religion and Government==

Madison, along with his fellow Democratic-Republican [[Thomas Jefferson]], were less tolerant of religion in government than other [[Founding Fathers]].<ref>Madison did NOT write the false quote:

Madison, along with his fellow Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson, were less tolerant of religion in government than other [[Founding Fathers]].<ref>Madison did NOT write the false quote:

:"Religion is the basis and Foundation of Government.... We have staked the whole future of American civilization, not upon the power of government, far from it. We have staked the future of all of our political institutions upon the capacity of mankind for self government; upon the capacity of each and all of us to govern ourselves, to control ourselves, to sustain ourselves according to the Ten Commandments of God."</ref>  Like Jefferson, Madison favored [[separation of church and state]].<ref>[http://www.helium.com/items/501599-the-case-for-separation-of-church-and-state The case for separation of church and state by Michelle Mueller]</ref>

:"Religion is the basis and Foundation of Government.... We have staked the whole future of American civilization, not upon the power of government, far from it. We have staked the future of all of our political institutions upon the capacity of mankind for self government; upon the capacity of each and all of us to govern ourselves, to control ourselves, to sustain ourselves according to the Ten Commandments of God."</ref>  Like Jefferson, Madison favored [[separation of church and state]].<ref>[http://www.helium.com/items/501599-the-case-for-separation-of-church-and-state The case for separation of church and state by Michelle Mueller]</ref>

<blockquote>"In the papal system, Government and Religion are in a manner consolidated, and that is found to be the worst of Government." <ref>[[God and the Oval Office]] by John C. McCollister, W Publishing Group, 2002.</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>"In the papal system, Government and Religion are in a manner consolidated, and that is found to be the worst of Government." <ref>[[God and the Oval Office]] by John C. McCollister, W Publishing Group, 2002.</ref></blockquote>

:"The rights of persons and property, are the objects, for the protection of which Govt was instituted." <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3vh3OUHx-xIC&pg=PA193&dq=The+rights+of+persons+and+property,+are+the+objects,+for+the+protection+of+which+Govt+was+instituted.&ei=aNUIStyyII2oyATH5YWCDw James Madison and the Future of Limited Government‎ - Page 193]</ref>

:"The rights of persons and property, are the objects, for the protection of which Govt was instituted." <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3vh3OUHx-xIC&pg=PA193&dq=The+rights+of+persons+and+property,+are+the+objects,+for+the+protection+of+which+Govt+was+instituted.&ei=aNUIStyyII2oyATH5YWCDw James Madison and the Future of Limited Government‎ - Page 193]</ref>

==Quotes==

==Quotes==

*"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and it's issuance."

*"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and it's issuance."

*"Crisis is the rallying cry of the tyrant."

*"Crisis is the rallying cry of the tyrant."

===Bibliography===

*"Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts, and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rj1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA492 1829-1836, By James Madison]</ref>

====Biographies====

 

 

 

* "In a word, as a man is said to have a right to his property, he may be equally said to have a property in his rights."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0ggAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 God and the Founders: Madison, Washington, and Jefferson]</ref>

 

* "Government is instituted to protect property of every sort; as well that which lies in the various rights of individuals, as that which the term particularly expresses. This being the end of government, that alone is a ''just'' government, which ''impartially'' secures to every man, whatever is his ''own''."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCAjgs4mmQ4C&pg=PA330 James Madison: A Biography]</ref>

 

==Bibliography==

===Biographies===

* Banning, Lance. "James Madison" ''American National Biography Online'' (2000)

* Banning, Lance. "James Madison" ''American National Biography Online'' (2000)

* Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," ''American Historical Review.'' 57,4(July, 1952), 853-870.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28195207%2957%3A4%3C853%3AJMAHT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  online at JSTOR]

* Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," ''American Historical Review.'' 57,4(July, 1952), 853–870.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28195207%2957%3A4%3C853%3AJMAHT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  online at JSTOR]

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison'', 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941-1961). most detailed scholarly biography.

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison'', 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941-1961). most detailed scholarly biography.

* Brant, Irving. ''The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison''  (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). one-volume condensation of his series.

* Brant, Irving. ''The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison''  (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). one-volume condensation of his series.

* Wills, Garry. ''James Madison'' (Times Books, 2002). short bio.

* Wills, Garry. ''James Madison'' (Times Books, 2002). short bio.

====Political history====

===Political history===

* Adams, Henry. ''History of the United States during the [First and Second] Administrations of James Madison'' (1890–91; Library of America, 1986).

* Adams, Henry. ''History of the United States during the [First and Second] Administrations of James Madison'' (1890–91; Library of America, 1986).

** Wills, Garry. ''Henry Adams and the Making of America'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). a close reading of Adams.

** Wills, Garry. ''Henry Adams and the Making of America'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). a close reading of Adams.

* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978)

* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978)

* Banning, Lance. ''The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic'' (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103677309 online edition]; [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=HEB00509.0001.001 online ACLS History e-Book]. Available only to subscribing institutions.

* Banning, Lance. ''The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic'' (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103677309 online edition]; [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=HEB00509.0001.001 online ACLS History e-Book]. Available only to subscribing institutions.

**Gibson, Alan. "Lance Banning's Interpretation Of James Madison: An Appreciation And Critique." ''Political Science Reviewer'' 2003 32: 269-317. Issn: 0091-3715 Fulltext: at Ebsco  

**Gibson, Alan. "Lance Banning's Interpretation Of James Madison: An Appreciation And Critique." ''Political Science Reviewer'' 2003 32: 269–317. Issn: 0091-3715 Fulltext: at Ebsco  

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison and American Nationalism''. (1968).

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison and American Nationalism''. (1968).

* Brown, Roger H. ''The Republic in Peril: 1812'' (1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100695976 online edition]

* Brown, Roger H. ''The Republic in Peril: 1812'' (1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100695976 online edition]

* Skeen, Carl Edward. ''1816: America Rising'' (1993) popular history

* Skeen, Carl Edward. ''1816: America Rising'' (1993) popular history

* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic 1801-1815'' (1968) standard scholarly survey of politics and diplomacy.

* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic 1801-1815'' (1968) standard scholarly survey of politics and diplomacy.

* Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 33,4(Oct. 1976), 557-585. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28197610%293%3A33%3A4%3C557%3AJMAT%22T%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X online].

* Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 33,4(Oct. 1976), 557–585. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28197610%293%3A33%3A4%3C557%3AJMAT%22T%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X online].

** Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3-34.  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28198101%293%3A38%3A1%3C3%3AJMATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online].

** Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3-34.  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28198101%293%3A38%3A1%3C3%3AJMATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online].

** Stagg, ''Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830'' (Princeton, 1983).

** Stagg, ''Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830'' (Princeton, 1983).

* Trees, Andrew S.  ''The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character.'' Princeton U. Press, 2004. 208 pp.  compares Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and Adams

* Trees, Andrew S.  ''The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character.'' Princeton U. Press, 2004. 208 pp.  compares Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and Adams

* Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, ''Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different'' (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141-72.

* Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, ''Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different'' (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141–72.

** Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights," ''The New York Review of Books'' (November 30, 2006b).

** Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights," ''The New York Review of Books'' (November 30, 2006b).

====Political theory====

===Political theory===

* Kernell, Samuel, ed. ''James Madison: the Theory and Practice of Republican Government'' (Stanford Univ. Press, 2003).

* Kernell, Samuel, ed. ''James Madison: the Theory and Practice of Republican Government'' (Stanford Univ. Press, 2003).

*  Kramer, Larry D. "Madison's Audience." ''Harvard Law Review.'' 112#3 1999. pp 611+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96849383 online edition]

*  Kramer, Larry D. "Madison's Audience." ''Harvard Law Review.'' 112#3 1999. pp 611+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96849383 online edition]

* Matthews, Richard K., ''If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason'' (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995), political philosophy

* Matthews, Richard K., ''If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason'' (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995), political philosophy

* Morgan, Robert J. ''James Madison on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.'' Greenwood Press. 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26239686 online edition]

* Morgan, Robert J. ''James Madison on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.'' Greenwood Press. 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26239686 online edition]

* Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," ''American Political Science Review'' 97,1(2003), 17-32.  

* Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," ''American Political Science Review'' 97,1(2003), 17–32.  

* Read, James H. ''Power versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson'' (2000). political philosophy

* Read, James H. ''Power versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson'' (2000). political philosophy

* Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' 69,1(1954), 45-64 in JSTOR.

* Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' 69,1(1954), 45–64 in JSTOR.

** Riemer, ''James Madison : Creating the American Constitution'' (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).  

** Riemer, ''James Madison : Creating the American Constitution'' (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).  

* Rosen, Gary. ''American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding'' (1999),  political philosophy

* Rosen, Gary. ''American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding'' (1999),  political philosophy

* Samples, John, ed. ''James Madison and the Future of Limited Government.'' (Cato Institute, 2002), essays by libertarian and conservative scholars. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103202615 online edition]

* Samples, John, ed. ''James Madison and the Future of Limited Government.'' (Cato Institute, 2002), essays by libertarian and conservative scholars. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103202615 online edition]

* Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 49,3(1992), 609-627. in JSTOR.

* Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 49,3(1992), 609–627. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925-956. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925–956. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," ''American Political Science Review'' 98,3(2004), 405-424.  in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," ''American Political Science Review'' 98,3(2004), 405–424.  in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," ''Claremont Review of Books'' (Spring 2004), [http://www.claremont.org/writings/crb/spring2004/sheehan.html online].

** Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," ''Claremont Review of Books'' (Spring 2004), [http://www.claremont.org/writings/crb/spring2004/sheehan.html online].

** Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," ''Review of Politics'' 67,1(Winter 2005), 37-48.  

** Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," ''Review of Politics'' 67,1(Winter 2005), 37–48.  

* Smith, Robert W.  ''Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy.'' Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 196 pp.  [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=169311117567023 online review]

* Smith, Robert W.  ''Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy.'' Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 196 pp.  [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=169311117567023 online review]

===Primary sources===

==Primary sources==

* James Madison, ''James Madison: Writings 1772-1836.'' (Library of America, 1999). over 900 pages of letters, speeches and reports. [ISBN 1-883011-66-3].

* James Madison, ''James Madison: Writings 1772-1836.'' (Library of America, 1999). over 900 pages of letters, speeches and reports. [ISBN 1-883011-66-3].

* Ketcham, Ralph, ed., Selected Writings of James Madison. ( Hackett, 2006. xxxii, 396 pp. isbn 978-0-87220-695-3.)

* Ketcham, Ralph, ed., Selected Writings of James Madison. ( Hackett, 2006. xxxii, 396 pp. isbn 978-0-87220-695-3.)

* James Madison, ''Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison'' (1987); [ISBN 0393304051] ([http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/debates/debcont.htm]

* James Madison, ''Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison'' (1987); [ISBN 0393304051] ([http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/debates/debcont.htm])

* James Madison, ''Letters & Other Writings Of James Madison Fourth President Of The United States'', 4 vols., (1865); called the ''Congress edition''. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00239122&id=pb2s8DG_2WUC&pg=RA1-PR11&lpg=RA1-PR11&dq=Letters+%26+Other+Writings+Of+James+Madison+Fourth+President online edition]

* James Madison, ''Letters & Other Writings Of James Madison Fourth President Of The United States'', 4 vols., (1865); called the ''Congress edition''. [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00239122&id=pb2s8DG_2WUC&pg=RA1-PR11&lpg=RA1-PR11&dq=Letters+%26+Other+Writings+Of+James+Madison+Fourth+President online edition]

* William T. Hutchinson et al., eds., ''The Papers of James Madison'' (U. of Chicago Press, 1962-). the definitive multivolume edition. [http://www.virginia.edu/pjm/description1.htm 29 volumes have been published, with 16+ more volumes planned.]

* William T. Hutchinson et al., eds., ''The Papers of James Madison'' (U. of Chicago Press, 1962-). the definitive multivolume edition. [http://www.virginia.edu/pjm/description1.htm 29 volumes have been published, with 16+ more volumes planned.]

* Gaillard Hunt, ed. ''The Writings of James Madison'', 9 vols., (1900-1910). [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00752381&id=ri4fEe_y99kC&pg=RA3-PR21&lpg=RA3-PR21&dq=Writings+of+James+Madison:+comprising+his+public+papers online edition]

* Gaillard Hunt, ed. ''The Writings of James Madison'', 9 vols., (1900-1910). [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00752381&id=ri4fEe_y99kC&pg=RA3-PR21&lpg=RA3-PR21&dq=Writings+of+James+Madison:+comprising+his+public+papers online edition]

* Marvin Myers, ed. ''Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison'' (1973)  [ISBN 0-87451-201-8].

* Marvin Myers, ed. ''Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison'' (1973)  [ISBN 0-87451-201-8].

* James M. Smith, ed. ''The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826''. 3 vols.,  (1995).

* James M. Smith, ed. ''The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826''. 3 vols.,  (1995).

*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/madispap.htm The Papers of James Madison] from the Avalon Project

*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/madispap.htm The Papers of James Madison] from the Avalon Project

*[http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/sacred/madison_m&r_1785.html Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, 1785]

*[http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/sacred/madison_m&r_1785.html Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, 1785]

*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm4.html Official White House page for James Madison]

*[https://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm4.html Official White House page for James Madison]

*[http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/madison_archives.htm Madison Archives]

*[http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/madison_archives.htm Madison Archives]

* {{Gutenberg author| id=James+Madison | name=James Madison}}

* {{Gutenberg author| id=James+Madison | name=James Madison}}

* [http://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html ''James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards'', James Hutson, Library of Congress]

* [http://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html ''James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards'', James Hutson, Library of Congress]

====References====

==References==

==External links==

==External links==

* [https://librivox.org/author/1973 Works by James Madison - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

* [https://librivox.org/author/1973 Works by James Madison - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

{{USPresidents}}

{{USPresidents}}

{{Constitutional Convention}}

{{Constitutional Convention}}{{Conservative Presidents}}

{{Greatest Thinkers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madison, James}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madison, James}}

[[Category:War of 1812]]

[[Category:War of 1812]]

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]