Changes

==Education and early military service==

==Education and early military service==

Joe’s parents, Judge Johnston and his wife<ref>Remains unlisted.</ref>, were very strong in their views on education. There was no doubt that Joe and his brothers would go to school. Joseph respected his father and adored his kindhearted mother, so he respected their wishes and attended Abingdon Academy.At the age of Nineteen, Joseph Eggleston Johnston was accepted into [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], and made the thirty-five mile trip from New York Harbor up the Hudson River to join his fellow classmates (the most noted of which was Robert E. Lee).  

Joe’s parents, Judge Johnston and his wife,<ref>Remains unlisted.</ref> were very strong in their views on education. There was no doubt that Joe and his brothers would go to school. Joseph respected his father and adored his kindhearted mother, so he respected their wishes and attended Abingdon Academy.At the age of Nineteen, Joseph Eggleston Johnston was accepted into [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], and made the thirty-five mile trip from New York Harbor up the Hudson River to join his fellow classmates (the most noted of which was Robert E. Lee).  

Upon graduating West Point in 1829, he joined the Fourth Artillery where he served for seven years (until 1836). Two years later and throughout the [[Florida]] war, he accepted the title of First Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. While there and during the [[Mexican War]], he obtained the brevet<ref>A commission promoting an officer to a higher nominal rank than that for which he is paid.</ref> of Captain. Afterwards he gained two more brevets for “distinguished conduct”.

Upon graduating West Point in 1829, he joined the Fourth Artillery where he served for seven years (until 1836). Two years later and throughout the [[Florida]] war, he accepted the title of First Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. While there and during the [[Mexican War]], he obtained the brevet<ref>A commission promoting an officer to a higher nominal rank than that for which he is paid.</ref> of Captain. Afterwards he gained two more brevets for “distinguished conduct”.

===Carolinas===

===Carolinas===

Davis was forced to recall Johnston, who remained popular with the public and with the soldiers, for the 1865 spring campaign after Hood had been defeated at Nashville and Sherman had [[Sherman's March through Georgia|marched through Georgia]]. Sherman now threatened the Carolinas, but Confederate manpower was depleted. Johnston commanded an assortment of garrison troops and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee, but his strength never even reached half Sherman's. Johnston still managed to repulse one of Sherman's columns at the Battle of Bentonville, [[North Carolina]] on March 19-21, but when Union reinforcements arrived, he was forced to retreat.  

Davis was forced to recall Johnston, who remained popular with the public and with the soldiers, for the 1865 spring campaign after Hood had been defeated at Nashville and Sherman had [[Sherman's March through Georgia|marched through Georgia]]. Sherman now threatened the Carolinas, but Confederate manpower was depleted. Johnston commanded an assortment of garrison troops and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee, but his strength never even reached half Sherman's. Johnston still managed to repulse one of Sherman's columns at the Battle of Bentonville, [[North Carolina]] on March 19–21, but when Union reinforcements arrived, he was forced to retreat.  

By early April the Confederate situation became desperate. Johnston suggested joining his forces with [[Robert E. Lee]]'s Army of Northern Virginia, then besieged by Grant at Richmond. The combined Confederate forces could then try and defeat Grant and Sherman separately. When Lee had to abandon Richmond, he retreated towards Johnston, but Grant's troops caught up with him at Appomattox Court House and forced Lee's surrender.

By early April the Confederate situation became desperate. Johnston suggested joining his forces with [[Robert E. Lee]]'s Army of Northern Virginia, then besieged by Grant at Richmond. The combined Confederate forces could then try and defeat Grant and Sherman separately. When Lee had to abandon Richmond, he retreated towards Johnston, but Grant's troops caught up with him at Appomattox Court House and forced Lee's surrender.