Changes

Walter Lippmann (view source)

Revision as of 04:42, June 27, 2016

14 bytes removed , 04:42, June 27, 2016

clean up

Line 12: Line 12:

}}

−

'''Walter Lippmann'''<ref> His name is often misspelled with only one 'N'--as for example the ''Time'' cover shown here.</ref> (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974), was an influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> American journalist and commentator.

+

'''Walter Lippmann'''<ref>His name is often misspelled with only one 'N'--as for example the ''Time'' cover shown here.</ref> (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974), was an influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> American journalist and commentator.

Lippmann was a prominent [[socialist]] from his youth, becoming president of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Socialist Club and a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Intercollegiate Socialist Society]]. He graduated from Harvard in 1910, but took his socialism with him into his journalism, joining the Socialist Party and the Socialist Press Club.<ref>"Joined the Harvard Socialist Club and later became president... Elected to Executive Committee, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2v9aAAAAMAAJ Intercollegiate Socialist Society]... Joined [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf the Socialist Party], New York County, and the Socialist Press Club of New York City." (2003) Twentieth-Century American Politics and Diplomacy, [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf Series 1, The Walter Lippmann Papers, Part 4: Early Papers, 1904-1920] (Manuscript and Archives Division, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut), pp. 8-9</ref> More than 20 years later, with the election of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], Lippmann apparently lost faith in the [[Constitution]], telling FDR, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it—is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref>

Line 19: Line 19:

Until 1943, Lippmann's secretary was [[Mary Price]], a [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/8jun_dir_courier.pdf Soviet agent].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/29apr_recruits.pdf 588 New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944]; cf. [http://ia700308.us.archive.org/16/items/instituteofpacif02unit/instituteofpacif02unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings, Part 2], Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 82d Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 406 (PDF p. 62); [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 439 and [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 99</ref> Lippmann himself was a Soviet intelligence source as late as 1944.<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf 1289 KGB New York to Moscow, 9 September 1944]</ref> According to Eric Alterman, a [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/eric_alterman columnist] and [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/altercation blogger] for ''The Nation'', Lippmann "offered much more [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=stone_cold_untruths useful information to the Soviets] than [[I.F. Stone|[I.F.] Stone]] ever did."

−

[[File:Lippman-Time.jpg|thumb|250px|''Time'' magazine Mar. 30, 1931[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741342,00.html read the cover story]]]

+

[[File:Lippman-Time.jpg|thumb|250px|''Time'' magazine Mar. 30, 1931 [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741342,00.html read the cover story]]]

−

He has also been highly praised with titles ranging anywhere from "most influential" journalist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blumenthal|first1=Sydney |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/walter_lippmann_and_american_journalism_today |title=Walter Lippmann and American journalism today |date=31 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-02-22/business/9802220064_1_peter-drucker-jack-beatty-books |title=Drucker Gives Lippmann Run As Most Influential Journalist |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/34278/harry-c-mcpherson-jr/walter-lippmann-and-the-american-century |title=Walter Lippmann and the American Century |date=1980 }}</ref> of the 20th century, to Father of Modern Journalism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pariser|first1=Eli|title=The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think|date=2011|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|isbn=0143121235}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snow|first1=Nancy|title=Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9/11|date=2003|publisher=Seven Stories|location=Canada|isbn=1583225579|pages=30–31}}</ref> James W. Carey, an influential teacher of journalists<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/carey_memoriam2.htm |title=In Memoriam, James W. Carey |date=2006 }}</ref>, considered Walter Lippmann's book ''Public Opinion'' as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schudson |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Schudson |date=2008 |title=The "Lippmann-Dewey Debate" and the Invention of Walter Lippmann as an Anti-Democrat 1985-1996 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Carey |first=James W. |authorlink=James W. Carey |date=March 1987 |title=The Press and the Public Discourse |journal=The Center Magazine |volume=20 }}</ref>

+

He has also been highly praised with titles ranging anywhere from "most influential" journalist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blumenthal|first1=Sydney |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/walter_lippmann_and_american_journalism_today |title=Walter Lippmann and American journalism today |date=31 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-02-22/business/9802220064_1_peter-drucker-jack-beatty-books |title=Drucker Gives Lippmann Run As Most Influential Journalist |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/34278/harry-c-mcpherson-jr/walter-lippmann-and-the-american-century |title=Walter Lippmann and the American Century |date=1980 }}</ref> of the 20th century, to Father of Modern Journalism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pariser|first1=Eli|title=The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think|date=2011|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|isbn=0143121235}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snow|first1=Nancy|title=Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9/11|date=2003|publisher=Seven Stories|location=Canada|isbn=1583225579|pages=30–31}}</ref> James W. Carey, an influential teacher of journalists,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/carey_memoriam2.htm |title=In Memoriam, James W. Carey |date=2006 }}</ref> considered Walter Lippmann's book ''Public Opinion'' as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schudson |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Schudson |date=2008 |title=The "Lippmann-Dewey Debate" and the Invention of Walter Lippmann as an Anti-Democrat 1985-1996 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Carey |first=James W. |authorlink=James W. Carey |date=March 1987 |title=The Press and the Public Discourse |journal=The Center Magazine |volume=20 }}</ref>

−

==Early ~~Life~~==

+

==Early life==

Lippmann was born September 23, 1889,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA965 World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection]</ref> in New York City to Jacob and Daisy Baum Lippmann.<ref>[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Walter_Lippmann Walter Lippmann]</ref>

Line 32: Line 32:

==Public Opinion==

−

In the 1920s philosopher [[John Dewey]] (1859-1952) engaged in a major debate with Lippmann on the impact of the technology on democracy. Both agreed that the communications revolution had created a large and more complex world, that political and social institutions had not kept pace with the changes wrought by technology, that the masses were more susceptible to propaganda, and that modernity threatened democracy. Their critiques diverge on solutions, especially whether or not democracy could be saved. While Lippmann saw the public as unredeemable and subject to mass manipulation, Dewey thought that more public involvement in socio-political affairs was needed and that tools of mass communication could be used to this end.<ref> Walter Lippmann, ''Public Opinion'' (1922) and ''The Phantom Public'' (1925); John Dewey, ''The Public and Its Problems'' (1927)</ref>

+

In the 1920s philosopher [[John Dewey]] (1859-1952) engaged in a major debate with Lippmann on the impact of the technology on democracy. Both agreed that the communications revolution had created a large and more complex world, that political and social institutions had not kept pace with the changes wrought by technology, that the masses were more susceptible to propaganda, and that modernity threatened democracy. Their critiques diverge on solutions, especially whether or not democracy could be saved. While Lippmann saw the public as unredeemable and subject to mass manipulation, Dewey thought that more public involvement in socio-political affairs was needed and that tools of mass communication could be used to this end.<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''Public Opinion'' (1922) and ''The Phantom Public'' (1925); John Dewey, ''The Public and Its Problems'' (1927)</ref>

==Manipulation of Public Opinion==

−

In 1922, Walter Lippmann published his book "Public Opinion" <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6456 Public Opinion]''</ref> which at the time presented a major milestone in marking the ability of a journalist to manipulate their readers and viewers. The phrase "Manufacture of Consent" is directly attributed to Walter Lippmann <ref>p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> from his book "Public Opinion". He wrote: <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA248]'', p. 248</ref>

+

In 1922, Walter Lippmann published his book "Public Opinion" <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6456 Public Opinion]''</ref> which at the time presented a major milestone in marking the ability of a journalist to manipulate their readers and viewers. The phrase "Manufacture of Consent" is directly attributed to Walter Lippmann <ref>p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> from his book "Public Opinion". He wrote:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA248]'', p. 248</ref>

That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one, I think, denies. The process by which public opinions arise is certainly no less intricate than it has appeared in these pages, and the opportunities for manipulation open to anyone who understands the process are plain enough.

</blockquote>

−

Lippmann went very far into detail of these methods of manipulation. He gives uses of keywords, for the use of tapping into people's stereotypes, and the use of editorials afterwards to make sure that the pre-determined outcome is assured. He fully understood the opportunities for manipulation and detailed the process. Here is one such example: <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA355]'', p. 355</ref>

+

Lippmann went very far into detail of these methods of manipulation. He gives uses of keywords, for the use of tapping into people's stereotypes, and the use of editorials afterwards to make sure that the pre-determined outcome is assured. He fully understood the opportunities for manipulation and detailed the process. Here is one such example:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA355]'', p. 355</ref>

It is a problem of provoking feeling in the reader, of inducing him to feel a sense of personal identification with the stories he is reading. News which does not offer this opportunity to introduce oneself into the struggle which it depicts cannot appeal to a wide audience. The audience must participate in the news, much as it participates in the drama, by personal identification. Just as everyone holds his breath when the heroine is in danger, as he helps Babe Ruth swing his bat, so in subtler form the reader enters into the news. In order that he shall enter he must find a familiar foothold in the story, and this is supplied to him by the use of stereotypes. They tell him that if an association of plumbers is called a "combine" it is appropriate to develop his hostility; if it is called a "group of leading business men" the cue is for a favorable reaction.

Line 49: Line 49:

==Politics==

−

In 1937 Lippmann attacked President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court, which reflected Lippmann's growing criticism of the New Deal. Although he originally supported Roosevelt's policies, Lippmann felt that the president was placing the American constitutional system in danger by setting illegal precedents.<ref> Frederic Krome, "From Liberal Philosophy to Conservative Ideology? Walter Lippmann's Opposition to the New Deal" ''Journal of American Culture'' 1987 10(1): 57-64. 0191-1813 </ref>

+

In 1937 Lippmann attacked President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court, which reflected Lippmann's growing criticism of the New Deal. Although he originally supported Roosevelt's policies, Lippmann felt that the president was placing the American constitutional system in danger by setting illegal precedents.<ref>Frederic Krome, "From Liberal Philosophy to Conservative Ideology? Walter Lippmann's Opposition to the New Deal" ''Journal of American Culture'' 1987 10(1): 57-64. 0191-1813</ref>

==Cold War==

−

Lippmann is accredited with popularizing the phrase "[[Cold War]]" to describe the breakdown of the [[World War II]] [[Allied Powers]] alliance and the growing post-war tensions. Although he opposed Communism<ref> The [[Jacob Golos|Golos spy ring]] used [[Mary Price]], his secretary, to garner information on items Lippmann chose not to write about or names of Lippmann's sources, often not carried in stories, but of use to the [[MGB]].</ref> he adopted a "realist" position in foreign policy in the 1940s and opposed idealistic goals such as [[Wilsonianism]]~~-- even~~ though he had been a leading advocate of idealism in 1917-1918. He was distrustful of globalism or excessive involvements around the world. In the 1960s he was an articulate opponent of the [[Vietnam War]], saying it weakened America's ability to fight the true Soviet adversary.<ref> Fredrik Logevall, "First Among Critics: Walter Lippmann and the Vietnam War." ''Journal of American-East Asian Relations'' 1995 4 (4): 351-375.</ref>

+

Lippmann is accredited with popularizing the phrase "[[Cold War]]" to describe the breakdown of the [[World War II]] [[Allied Powers]] alliance and the growing post-war tensions. Although he opposed Communism<ref>The [[Jacob Golos|Golos spy ring]] used [[Mary Price]], his secretary, to garner information on items Lippmann chose not to write about or names of Lippmann's sources, often not carried in stories, but of use to the [[MGB]].</ref> he adopted a "realist" position in foreign policy in the 1940s and opposed idealistic goals such as [[Wilsonianism]]—even though he had been a leading advocate of idealism in 1917-1918. He was distrustful of globalism or excessive involvements around the world. In the 1960s he was an articulate opponent of the [[Vietnam War]], saying it weakened America's ability to fight the true Soviet adversary.<ref>Fredrik Logevall, "First Among Critics: Walter Lippmann and the Vietnam War." ''Journal of American-East Asian Relations'' 1995 4 (4): 351-375.</ref>

==Conservatism==

−

Starting as a Socialist, Lippmann moved right through most of his life, becoming a conservative in the 1930s and an advocate of [[Natural Law]]<ref> ''Religion, Politics, and the Higher Learning'', Morton White, [[Harvard University]] Press, 1959 p.112</ref>.

+

Starting as a Socialist, Lippmann moved right through most of his life, becoming a conservative in the 1930s and an advocate of [[Natural Law]].<ref>''Religion, Politics, and the Higher Learning'', Morton White, [[Harvard University]] Press, 1959 p.112</ref>

==Death and Legacy==

−

He passed away on December ~~14th~~, 1974. The Lippmann House at the Nieman School of Journalism at Harvard is named after him. His influence was unprecedented<ref>[http://www.prismjournal.org/fileadmin/Praxis/Files/Journal_Files/2010_general/Garcia.pdf Rethinking Walter Lippmann’s legacy in the history of public relations], ('''PDF''')</ref> in areas of both public relations as well as journalism, and his influence can be seen everywhere<ref name=remembered>[http://harpers.org/blog/2007/10/walter-lippmann-remembered/ Walter Lippmann, Remembered]</ref> in the field of journalism.<ref name=remembered />

+

He passed away on December 14, 1974. The Lippmann House at the Nieman School of Journalism at Harvard is named after him. His influence was unprecedented<ref>[http://www.prismjournal.org/fileadmin/Praxis/Files/Journal_Files/2010_general/Garcia.pdf Rethinking Walter Lippmann’s legacy in the history of public relations], ('''PDF''')</ref> in areas of both public relations as well as journalism, and his influence can be seen everywhere<ref name=remembered>[http://harpers.org/blog/2007/10/walter-lippmann-remembered/ Walter Lippmann, Remembered]</ref> in the field of journalism.<ref name=remembered />

==Works==

Line 112: Line 112:

−

[[Category:~~journalists~~]]

+

[[Category:Journalists]]

[[Category:Conservatives]]

[[Category:Liberals]]

Line 121: Line 121:

[[Category:Cold War]]

[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]

−

[[Category : Liberal Authors]]

+

[[Category:Liberal Authors]]

−

[[Category : American Jews]]

+

[[Category:American Jews]]

DavidB4-bot

Block, SkipCaptcha, apieditor, Automoderated users, Bots, edit, ratelimit-exempt

58,415

edits

Changes

Walter Lippmann (view source)

Revision as of 04:42, June 27, 2016

Navigation menu

Search