Changes

==Long-term results==

==Long-term results==

The resulting "Vienna system", or '''"Concert of Europe"''  successfully brought peace to Europe by means of firm, premeditated identification and elimination (or containment) of causes of war. The old instability gave way to political equilibrium and consensus, dynastic politics exited the international scene and wars of succession were eliminated, bellicose values bowed to the rule of peace and law, and effective, institutionalized machinery for international relations overcame the lack of viable solutions for interstate problems.<ref> See Schroeder (1996)</ref>  

The resulting "Vienna system", or '''"Concert of Europe"''  successfully brought peace to Europe by means of firm, premeditated identification and elimination (or containment) of causes of war. The old instability gave way to political equilibrium and consensus, dynastic politics exited the international scene and wars of succession were eliminated, bellicose values bowed to the rule of peace and law, and effective, institutionalized machinery for international relations overcame the lack of viable solutions for interstate problems.<ref>See Schroeder (1996)</ref>  

The backward-looking delegates seriously underestimated the emerging force of nationalism, which was rapidly transforming many countries. People saw their nation and its culture and language as more meaningful to their nation than ruling families.  However, Metternich, the Austrian chancellor, considered nationalism a cover for revolution and sought to curb its development through reactionary repression.

The backward-looking delegates seriously underestimated the emerging force of nationalism, which was rapidly transforming many countries. People saw their nation and its culture and language as more meaningful to their nation than ruling families.  However, Metternich, the Austrian chancellor, considered nationalism a cover for revolution and sought to curb its development through reactionary repression.

# [[History of Russia|Russia]] took the greater part of [[Poland]], later known as "Congress Poland," and obtained Finland from Sweden and Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire.  

# [[History of Russia|Russia]] took the greater part of [[Poland]], later known as "Congress Poland," and obtained Finland from Sweden and Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire.  

# Sweden was compensated with Norway, which was taken from Denmark to punish the latter for persistent loyalty to Napoleon.  

# Sweden was compensated with Norway, which was taken from Denmark to punish the latter for persistent loyalty to Napoleon.  

# Britain kept nearly all its colonial conquests, securing permanent control from the Netherlands of Cape Colony in southern Africa, Ceylon, and part of Guiana; it also obtained Helgoland, part of Honduras, the Ionian Islands, and the islands of Malta, Mauritius, St. Lucia, Tobago, and Trinidad.<ref>At the same time Britain retained control of Canada but failed to establish an Indian buffer state in the Ohio-Indiana-Michigan area when it failed to win the [{War of 1812]] with the United States.</ref>

# Britain kept nearly all its colonial conquests, securing permanent control from the Netherlands of Cape Colony in southern Africa, Ceylon, and part of Guiana; it also obtained Helgoland, part of Honduras, the Ionian Islands, and the islands of Malta, Mauritius, St. Lucia, Tobago, and Trinidad.<ref>At the same time Britain retained control of Canada but failed to establish an Indian buffer state in the Ohio-Indiana-Michigan area when it failed to win the [[War of 1812]] with the United States.</ref>

# France, now under Bourbon King Louis XVIII, was dealt with in the second Treaty of Paris, in November 1815. All the Napoleonic imperial conquests were removed, and France returned to its 1790 frontiers. France was required to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs and to support an occupation army for five years.  

# France, now under Bourbon King Louis XVIII, was dealt with in the second Treaty of Paris, in November 1815. All the Napoleonic imperial conquests were removed, and France returned to its 1790 frontiers. France was required to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs and to support an occupation army for five years.  

# The Bourbon kings were restored in Spain and in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while the Kingdom of Sardinia was permitted to incorporate the former Republic of Genoa.  

# The Bourbon kings were restored in Spain and in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while the Kingdom of Sardinia was permitted to incorporate the former Republic of Genoa.