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clean up & uniformity
[[Image:Lgeorge2.jpg|thumb|280px]]
[[Image:Lgeorge2.jpg|thumb|280px]]
==Early career==
==Early career==
Lloyd George was born to a Welsh family living temporarily in Manchester, England. His father William George was a Welsh schoolmaster who died when David was three. His mother and her two sons were supported by an uncle, Richard Lloyd (1834-1917), a Baptist minister and Liberal activist in North Wales who became a dominant influence on David.<ref> He added his uncle's surname to become ''Lloyd George''. His surname is usually given as ''Lloyd George'' and sometimes as ''George''.</ref> David was active in the Campbellite Baptists, a radical offshoot of the main Baptist denomination. Leaving school at 15 because it was too Anglican, he was largely self-taught. Deciding to be a solicitor, in 1884 he passed his bar examinations. He took an active part in local politics, fighting the landlords and the Church of England in Wales (which was an established church that collected tithes from dissenters and was distinct from the main Church of England.) After his party was badly defeated in 1886 he represented a new generation and rose rapidly in the ranks, winning a seat to Parliament in 1890 as Liberal member for Carnarvon Boroughs, by a mere 18 votes. The fiery orator soon became known for his vigorous attacks on the Conservatives and his championship of prohibition, Welsh nationalism, and disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales. During the [[Boer War]], he bitterly opposed England's policy and was called by some "pro-Boer" and by others "little Englander." From 1905 to 1908 he was a member of Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet as president of the Board of Trade.
Lloyd George was born to a Welsh family living temporarily in Manchester, England. His father William George was a Welsh schoolmaster who died when David was three. His mother and her two sons were supported by an uncle, Richard Lloyd (1834-1917), a Baptist minister and Liberal activist in North Wales who became a dominant influence on David.<ref>He added his uncle's surname to become ''Lloyd George''. His surname is usually given as ''Lloyd George'' and sometimes as ''George''.</ref> David was active in the Campbellite Baptists, a radical offshoot of the main Baptist denomination. Leaving school at 15 because it was too Anglican, he was largely self-taught. Deciding to be a solicitor, in 1884 he passed his bar examinations. He took an active part in local politics, fighting the landlords and the Church of England in Wales (which was an established church that collected tithes from dissenters and was distinct from the main Church of England.) After his party was badly defeated in 1886 he represented a new generation and rose rapidly in the ranks, winning a seat to Parliament in 1890 as Liberal member for Carnarvon Boroughs, by a mere 18 votes. The fiery orator soon became known for his vigorous attacks on the Conservatives and his championship of prohibition, Welsh nationalism, and disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales. During the [[Boer War]], he bitterly opposed England's policy and was called by some "pro-Boer" and by others "little Englander." From 1905 to 1908 he was a member of Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet as president of the Board of Trade.
He married Margaret (Maggie) Owen (1866–1941), a local farmer's daughter, in 1888. They had five children and lived property she owned in the village of Cricieth, in Wales; the children grew up speaking Welsh. She refused to live in London. After 1912 his secretary Frances Stevenson in London became his mistress and confidant; he married her in 1943 (two years after his first wife died).
He married Margaret (Maggie) Owen (1866–1941), a local farmer's daughter, in 1888. They had five children and lived property she owned in the village of Cricieth, in Wales; the children grew up speaking Welsh. She refused to live in London. After 1912 his secretary Frances Stevenson in London became his mistress and confidant; he married her in 1943 (two years after his first wife died).
==First World War==
==First World War==
For the first year of the war he remained chancellor of the exchequer, but when the shortage of the English supply of munitions was revealed and the cabinet was reconstituted as the first coalition ministry in May 1915, Lloyd George was put in charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions. In this position he was a brilliant success, but he was not at all satisfied with the progress of the war, and late in 1915 he became a strong supporter of general conscription. He put through the conscription act of 1916, and in June he became secretary for war. The fall of Romania increased discontent with Asquith, who was forced out in December 1916. Lloyd George became prime minister at the head of a coalition government, though many Liberals refused to support it. His small war committee, a sort of inner cabinet, proved a great success in speeding up decision and action, and he went on to press for unity of military control among the Allies; this was not really achieved until 1918. This unity, combined with the arrival of American troops somewhat earlier than had been expected, did much to bring the war to a successful conclusion.
For the first year of the war he remained chancellor of the exchequer, but when the shortage of the English supply of munitions was revealed and the cabinet was reconstituted as the first coalition ministry in May 1915, Lloyd George was put in charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions. In this position he was a brilliant success, but he was not at all satisfied with the progress of the war, and late in 1915 he became a strong supporter of general conscription. He put through the conscription act of 1916, and in June he became secretary for war. The fall of Romania increased discontent with Asquith, who was forced out in December 1916. Lloyd George became prime minister at the head of a coalition government, though many Liberals refused to support it. His small war committee, a sort of inner cabinet, proved a great success in speeding up decision and action, and he went on to press for unity of military control among the Allies; this was not really achieved until 1918. This unity, combined with the arrival of American troops somewhat earlier than had been expected, did much to bring the war to a successful conclusion.
In his ''War Memoirs'' he compared himself to Asquith:<ref> Lloyd George, ''War Memoirs'' v 1 p 602</ref>
In his ''War Memoirs'' he compared himself to Asquith:<ref>Lloyd George, ''War Memoirs'' v 1 p 602</ref>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
There are certain indispensable qualities essential to the Chief Minister of the Crown in a great war. . . . Such a minister must have courage, composure, and judgment. All this Mr. Asquith possessed in a superlative degree. . . . But a war minister must also have vision, imagination and initiative--he must show untiring assiduity, must exercise constant oversight and supervision of every sphere of war activity, must possess driving force to energize this activity, must be in continuous consultation with experts, official and unofficial, as to the best means of utilising the resources of the country in conjunction with the Allies for the achievement of victory. If to this can be added a flair for conducting a great fight, then you have an ideal War Minister.
There are certain indispensable qualities essential to the Chief Minister of the Crown in a great war. . . . Such a minister must have courage, composure, and judgment. All this Mr. Asquith possessed in a superlative degree. . . . But a war minister must also have vision, imagination and initiative--he must show untiring assiduity, must exercise constant oversight and supervision of every sphere of war activity, must possess driving force to energize this activity, must be in continuous consultation with experts, official and unofficial, as to the best means of utilising the resources of the country in conjunction with the Allies for the achievement of victory. If to this can be added a flair for conducting a great fight, then you have an ideal War Minister.
* Adams, R.J.Q. ''Arms and the Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions''. 1978.
* Adams, R.J.Q. ''Arms and the Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions''. 1978.
* Adams, R. J. Q. "Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: the December 1916 Cabinet Crisis." ''Canadian Journal of History'' 1997 32(2): 185-200. Issn: 0008-4107 Fulltext: in Ebsco
* Adams, R. J. Q. "Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: the December 1916 Cabinet Crisis." ''Canadian Journal of History'' 1997 32(2): 185-200. Issn: 0008-4107 Fulltext: in Ebsco
* Adams, W.S. "Lloyd George and the Labour Movement," ''Past and Present'' No. 3 (Feb., 1953), pp. 55-64 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28195302%290%3A3%3C55%3ALGATLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Adams, W.S. "Lloyd George and the Labour Movement," ''Past and Present'' No. 3 (Feb., 1953), pp. 55–64 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28195302%290%3A3%3C55%3ALGATLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Lord Beaverbrook. ''The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George'' 1963 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7689162 online edition]
* Lord Beaverbrook. ''The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George'' 1963 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7689162 online edition]
* Bennett, G.H. "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919-22," ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 45, 1999 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001859995 online edition]
* Bennett, G.H. "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919-22," ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 45, 1999 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001859995 online edition]
* Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party," ''The History Teacher'' Vol. 3, No. 4 (May, 1970), pp. 27-36 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745%28197005%293%3A4%3C27%3ATMOTBL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D online edition], blames Asquith, Lloyd George and the voters
* Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party," ''The History Teacher'' Vol. 3, No. 4 (May, 1970), pp. 27–36 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745%28197005%293%3A4%3C27%3ATMOTBL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D online edition], blames Asquith, Lloyd George and the voters
* Ehrman, John. "Lloyd George and Churchill as War Ministers," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 5th Ser., Vol. 11 (1961), pp. 101-115 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%281961%295%3A11%3C101%3ALGACAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]
* Ehrman, John. "Lloyd George and Churchill as War Ministers," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 5th Ser., Vol. 11 (1961), pp. 101–115 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%281961%295%3A11%3C101%3ALGACAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]
* Fair, John D. "Politicians, Historians, and the War: A Reassessment of the Political Crisis of December 1916," ''The Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 49, No. 3, On Demand Supplement. (Sep., 1977), pp. D1329-D1343. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28197709%2949%3A3%3CD1329%3APHATWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* Fair, John D. "Politicians, Historians, and the War: A Reassessment of the Political Crisis of December 1916," ''The Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 49, No. 3, On Demand Supplement. (Sep., 1977), pp. D1329-D1343. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28197709%2949%3A3%3CD1329%3APHATWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* French, David. ''The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-1918''. Oxford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23080961 online edition]
* French, David. ''The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-1918''. Oxford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23080961 online edition]
* Fry, Michael. "Political Change in Britain, August 1914 to December 1916: Lloyd George Replaces Asquith: The Issues Underlying the Drama," ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 609-627 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28198809%2931%3A3%3C609%3APCIBA1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Fry, Michael. "Political Change in Britain, August 1914 to December 1916: Lloyd George Replaces Asquith: The Issues Underlying the Drama," ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 609–627 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28198809%2931%3A3%3C609%3APCIBA1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley B. "David Lloyd George: The Reform of British Landholding and the Budget of 1914," ''The Historical Journal,'' Vol. 21, No. 1 (Mar., 1978), pp. 117-141 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197803%2921%3A1%3C117%3ADLGTRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley B. "David Lloyd George: The Reform of British Landholding and the Budget of 1914," ''The Historical Journal,'' Vol. 21, No. 1 (Mar., 1978), pp. 117–141 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197803%2921%3A1%3C117%3ADLGTRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. "David Lloyd George: Land, The Budget, and Social Reform," ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 81, No. 5 (Dec., 1976), pp. 1058-1066 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28197612%2981%3A5%3C1058%3ADLGLTB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 in JSTOR]
* Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. "David Lloyd George: Land, The Budget, and Social Reform," ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 81, No. 5 (Dec., 1976), pp. 1058–1066 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28197612%2981%3A5%3C1058%3ADLGLTB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 in JSTOR]
* Hankey, Lord. ''The Supreme Command, 1914-1918''. 2 vols. 1961.
* Hankey, Lord. ''The Supreme Command, 1914-1918''. 2 vols. 1961.
* Havighurst, Alfred F. ''Twentieth-Century Britain.'' 1966. standard survey [http://www.questia.com/library/book/twentieth-century-britain-by-alfred-f-havighurst.jsp online edition]
* Havighurst, Alfred F. ''Twentieth-Century Britain.'' 1966. standard survey [http://www.questia.com/library/book/twentieth-century-britain-by-alfred-f-havighurst.jsp online edition]
* Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908-1916," ''The English Historical Review'' Vol. 85, No. 336 (Jul., 1970), pp. 502-531 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28197007%2985%3A336%3C502%3AAAPM1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
* Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908-1916," ''The English Historical Review'' Vol. 85, No. 336 (Jul., 1970), pp. 502–531 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28197007%2985%3A336%3C502%3AAAPM1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
*Kernek, Sterling J. "Distractions of Peace during War: The Lloyd George Government's Reactions to Woodrow Wilson, December, 1916-November, 1918," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,'' New Ser., Vol. 65, No. 2 (1975), pp. 1-117 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9746(1975)2%3A65%3A2%3C1%3ADOPDWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online edition]
*Kernek, Sterling J. "Distractions of Peace during War: The Lloyd George Government's Reactions to Woodrow Wilson, December, 1916-November, 1918," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,'' New Ser., Vol. 65, No. 2 (1975), pp. 1–117 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9746(1975)2%3A65%3A2%3C1%3ADOPDWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online edition]
* Keynes, John Maynard, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'' (1920) famous criticism by leading economist [http://books.google.com/books?id=0VcKN-RbPnoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Economic+intitle:Consequences+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Peace&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Keynes, John Maynard, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'' (1920) famous criticism by leading economist [http://books.google.com/books?id=0VcKN-RbPnoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Economic+intitle:Consequences+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Peace&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Lentin, Antony. ''Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919-1940'' (2001)
* Lentin, Antony. ''Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919-1940'' (2001)
* Millman, Brock. "The Lloyd George War Government, 1917-18" ''Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions'' Winter 2002, Vol. 3 Issue 3, p 99-127; sees proto-fascism
* Millman, Brock. "The Lloyd George War Government, 1917-18" ''Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions'' Winter 2002, Vol. 3 Issue 3, p 99-127; sees proto-fascism
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George's Premiership: A Study in 'Prime Ministerial Government.'" ''The Historical Journal'' 13 (March 1970). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197003%2913%3A1%3C130%3ALGPASI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 in JSTOR]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George's Premiership: A Study in 'Prime Ministerial Government.'" ''The Historical Journal'' 13 (March 1970). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197003%2913%3A1%3C130%3ALGPASI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 in JSTOR]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George and Germany." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(3): 755-766. Issn: 0018-246x[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28199609%2939%3A3%3C755%3ALGAG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in Jstor]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George and Germany." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(3): 755-766. Issn: 0018-246x [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28199609%2939%3A3%3C755%3ALGAG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in Jstor]
* Mowat, Sharles Loch. ''Britain between the Wars, 1918-1940'' (1955) 694 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/britain-between-the-wars-1918-1940-by-charles-loch-mowat.jsp online edition]
* Mowat, Sharles Loch. ''Britain between the Wars, 1918-1940'' (1955) 694 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/britain-between-the-wars-1918-1940-by-charles-loch-mowat.jsp online edition]
* Murray, Bruce K. "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'", ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp. 555-570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197309%2916%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT%27B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
* Murray, Bruce K. "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'", ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp. 555–570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197309%2916%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT%27B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
* Owen, Frank. ''Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times'' 1955.
* Owen, Frank. ''Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times'' 1955.
* Powell, David. ''British Politics, 1910-1935: The Crisis of the Party System'' 2004
* Powell, David. ''British Politics, 1910-1935: The Crisis of the Party System'' 2004
* Turner, John. ''British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915-1918'' (1992)
* Turner, John. ''British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915-1918'' (1992)
* Wilson, Trevor. ''The Downfall of the Liberal Party 1914-1935''. 1966.
* Wilson, Trevor. ''The Downfall of the Liberal Party 1914-1935''. 1966.
* Wilson, Trevor. "The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 36, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 28-42 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28196403%2936%3A1%3C28%3ATCATBG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Wilson, Trevor. "The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 36, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 28–42 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28196403%2936%3A1%3C28%3ATCATBG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Woodward, David R. ''Lloyd George and the Generals'' F. Cass, 2004. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108515889 online edition]
* Woodward, David R. ''Lloyd George and the Generals'' F. Cass, 2004. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108515889 online edition]
* Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. ''Great Britain and the War of 1914-1918.'' 1967.
* Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. ''Great Britain and the War of 1914-1918.'' 1967.
* Lloyd George, David, ''War Memoirs of David Lloyd George''. 2 vols. (1933). An unusually long, detailed and candid record.
* Lloyd George, David, ''War Memoirs of David Lloyd George''. 2 vols. (1933). An unusually long, detailed and candid record.
* Lloyd George, David. ''The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War'' (1918) 307 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:lloyd+inauthor:george&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=UCvnxTp6BIxRI5PEUT7NNxLGyPI online edition]
* Lloyd George, David. ''The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War'' (1918) 307 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:lloyd+inauthor:george&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=UCvnxTp6BIxRI5PEUT7NNxLGyPI online edition]
** George W. Egerton, "The Lloyd George ''War Memoirs'': A Study in the Politics of Memory," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 55-94 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28198803%2960%3A1%3C55%3ATLG%22MA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G in JSTOR]
** George W. Egerton, "The Lloyd George ''War Memoirs'': A Study in the Politics of Memory," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 55–94 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28198803%2960%3A1%3C55%3ATLG%22MA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G in JSTOR]
* Morgan, Kenneth O. ed. ''Lloyd George Family Letters, 1885-1936''. 1973.
* Morgan, Kenneth O. ed. ''Lloyd George Family Letters, 1885-1936''. 1973.
* Taylor, A. J. P. ed. ''My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson''. 1975.
* Taylor, A. J. P. ed. ''My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson''. 1975.