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'''Harry Hopkins''' (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was one of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s closest advisors. He was one of the architects of the [[New Deal]], especially the relief programs of the [[FERA|Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)]] in 1933-35 and the even larger  [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA), (1935-43), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In [[World War II]] he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion [[Lend Lease]] program that sent aid to the allies.  He was a leading domestic liberal of the 1930s, and concentrated during the war on lining up Britain, Russia and China to win the fight against Germany and Japan. While working in the White House, how he received compensation is something of a mystery.

'''Harry Hopkins''' (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was one of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s closest advisors. He was one of the architects of the [[New Deal]], especially the relief programs of the [[FERA|Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)]] in 1933-35 and the even larger  [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA), (1935–43), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In [[World War II]] he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion [[Lend Lease]] program that sent aid to the allies.  He was a leading domestic liberal of the 1930s, and concentrated during the war on lining up Britain, Russia and China to win the fight against Germany and Japan. While working in the White House, how he received compensation is something of a mystery.

==Background==

==Background==

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|400px|Although Hopkins denied saying "Spend-Spend-Spend; Tax-Tax-Tax; Elect-Elect-Elect," conservative critics thought the slogan fit the New Deal very well. Smith (2005) concludes he did say it.]]

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|400px|Although Hopkins denied saying "Spend-Spend-Spend; Tax-Tax-Tax; Elect-Elect-Elect," conservative critics thought the slogan fit the New Deal very well. Smith (2005) concludes he did say it.]]

FERA, the largest program from 1933-35, was a continuation of Hoover's relief program and involved giving money to localities to operate work relief. CWA was similar, but focused on short-term projects (like maintenance work) that left little visible impact. The FERA is a model for the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|stimulus package passed by Congress in 2009]].

FERA, the largest program from 1933–35, was a continuation of Hoover's relief program and involved giving money to localities to operate work relief. CWA was similar, but focused on short-term projects (like maintenance work) that left little visible impact. The FERA is a model for the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|stimulus package passed by Congress in 2009]].

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget.  Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone.   

FERA was replaced in 1935 by a much bigger and more important agency that Hopkins ran, the [[WPA]] or "Work Progress Admoinistration."  In cooperation with state and local government, WPA hired men (and some women) directly into federal jobs from local relief roles. The WPA was dramatically new because it operated on its own. It selected projects with the cooperation of local and state government but operated them with its own staff and budget.  Hopkins estimated that 25 million people got their living from Works Progress Administration alone.   

Hopkins promoted an aggressive war against Germany and successfully urged Roosevelt to use the Navy to protect convoys before the US entered the war in December 1941. Roosevelt brought him along as advisor to his meetings with Churchill at the Cairo Conference, Tehran Conference and Casablanca Conference in 1942-43. He was a firm supporter of China, which received Lend Lease aid for its military and air force.  

Hopkins promoted an aggressive war against Germany and successfully urged Roosevelt to use the Navy to protect convoys before the US entered the war in December 1941. Roosevelt brought him along as advisor to his meetings with Churchill at the Cairo Conference, Tehran Conference and Casablanca Conference in 1942-43. He was a firm supporter of China, which received Lend Lease aid for its military and air force.  

Hopkins wielded more diplomatic power than the entire State Department. Hopkins helped identify and sponsor numerous potential leaders, including [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. He continued to live in the White House and saw the president more often than any other advisor. Although Hopkins' health --always poor--was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945; he attended the Yalta conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died but President [[Harry S. Truman]], recognizing the value of his services, sent him on one more mission to Moscow.

Hopkins wielded more diplomatic power than the entire State Department. Hopkins helped identify and sponsor numerous potential leaders, including [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. He continued to live in the White House and saw the president more often than any other advisor. Although Hopkins' health—always poor—was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945; he attended the Yalta conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died but President [[Harry S. Truman]], recognizing the value of his services, sent him on one more mission to Moscow.

Hopkins died in New York City in January 1946, succumbing to a long and debilitating battle with stomach cancer.

Hopkins died in New York City in January 1946, succumbing to a long and debilitating battle with stomach cancer.

Instead of notifying the President of this atomic espionage, Hopkins immediately tipped off the Soviets that the FBI was onto them. A document in the KGB files copied by former KGB agent Vasili Mitrokhin and smuggled out of Russia by British intelligence in 1992 reveals that Hopkins

Instead of notifying the President of this atomic espionage, Hopkins immediately tipped off the Soviets that the FBI was onto them. A document in the KGB files copied by former KGB agent Vasili Mitrokhin and smuggled out of Russia by British intelligence in 1992 reveals that Hopkins

{{cquote|privately warned the Soviet embassy in Washington that the FBI had bugged a secret meeting at which Zarubin (also known as Zubilin) had passed money to Steve Nelson, a leading member of the U.S. Communist underground.<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield, The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (Basic Books, 2000) ISBN 0465003125, p. 111</ref>}}

{{cquote|privately warned the Soviet embassy in Washington that the FBI had bugged a secret meeting at which Zarubin (also known as Zubilin) had passed money to Steve Nelson, a leading member of the U.S. Communist underground.<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield, The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (Basic Books, 2000) ISBN 0465003125, p. 111</ref>}}

In an endnote (Note 64, p. 594), Mitrokhin and his co-author, [http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/cma1001@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University Professor] Christopher Andrew ("[http://pajamasmedia.com/ronradosh/2009/08/10/the-debate-over-soviet-espionage-what-nicholas-lemann-of-the-new-yorker-gets-wrong/ dean of British historians of Soviet espionage]") comment:

In an endnote (Note 64, p.&nbsp;594), Mitrokhin and his co-author, [http://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/directory/cma1001@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University Professor] Christopher Andrew ("[http://pajamasmedia.com/ronradosh/2009/08/10/the-debate-over-soviet-espionage-what-nicholas-lemann-of-the-new-yorker-gets-wrong/ dean of British historians of Soviet espionage]") comment:

{{cquote|Hopkins had been personally briefed by Hoover on Zarubin’s visit to Nelson (Benson and Warner (Eds.), ''VENONA'', Document 9). Hoover would doubtless have been outraged had he known that Hopkins had informed the Soviet embassy.}}

{{cquote|Hopkins had been personally briefed by Hoover on Zarubin’s visit to Nelson (Benson and Warner (Eds.), ''VENONA'', Document 9). Hoover would doubtless have been outraged had he known that Hopkins had informed the Soviet embassy.}}

===Zamestitel===

===Zamestitel===

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins. <ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NEEJrm38jLAC&pg=PA212&dq=Romerstein%2Bhopkins#v=onepage&q=Romerstein%2Bhopkins&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/29may_roosevelt_churchill.pdf].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins. <ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB illegal]] officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

Recent scholarship has concluded that [[Venona project]] codename ''Zamestitel'' (English translation, "Deputy"), is Harry Hopkins.<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200107/ai_n8970062 Reds in the White House], by William P. Hoar, Human Events,  Summer 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NEEJrm38jLAC&pg=PA212&dq=Romerstein%2Bhopkins#v=onepage&q=Romerstein%2Bhopkins&f=false]</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/de_toledo2.html Interview with Ralph de Toledano], Episode 6: Reds.</ref> Eduard Mark, historian at the United States Air Force Academy, builds a case that if Zamestitel is [[Henry Wallace]], as some have hypothesized, than agent 19 <ref>812 Venona 29 May 1943, "19 reports on Roosevelt/Churchill meetings," [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/29may_roosevelt_churchill.pdf].</ref> at the Trident conference is Hopkins.<ref>Eduard Mark, ''Venona's Source 19 and the 'Trident' Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage'', Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 1-31.</ref>  Mark argues on the basis of a close reading of the attendance records of the Trident conference and other evidence that he located that the most likely Deputy (Zamestitel) was Wallace and Source no. 19 was Hopkins. Source no. 19 was very highly placed in as much as he was asked to join a private conversation with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Source no. 19 reported on a private conversation he had with Roosevelt and Churchill during the just ended 'Trident' conference of the two Allied powers in Washington.  Source no. 19 reported on Churchill's views on why a 1943 Anglo-American invasion of continental Europe was inadvisable.  The message also reported that Zamestitel supported a second-front and that it appeared that Roosevelt had been keeping Zamestitel in the dark about "important military decisions." The message, from the New York KGB office to Moscow, is signed by the [[KGB illegal]] officer, [[Iskhak Akhmerov]].  It states "19 reports that Kapitan [Roosevelt] and Kaban [Churchill], during conversations in the Country [USA], invited 19 to join them and Zamestitel."  In the 1960s, Akhmerov professed at a secret meeting of Soviet intelligence officers that Harry Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States."<ref>[http://www.academia.org/campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War], Dan Flynn, Accuracy in Academia.</ref>

===Other Venona related documents===

===Other Venona related documents===

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'', <ref>

An April 14, 1941 Memorandum from the U.S. Military Attaché (G-2) in Moscow, found in the Harry Hopkins Papers at the FDR Library, entitled ''NKVD of the USSR'',<ref>

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190. </ref> it states in part,

  Joseph A. Michela, Military Attaché Moscow Report 1903, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm''N.K.V.D. of the U.S.S.R.,''] 14 April 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Harry Hopkins Papers, "MID Reports--USSR--Volume V," box 190.</ref> it states in part,

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a reign of [[terror]] on any pretext and fill up labor colonies<ref>See for example [http://web.archive.org/web/20080616114405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789421,00.html 32,000 & Mrs. Rubens], ''[[Time magazine]]'', Feb. 07, 1938 on the [http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/the-%E2%80%9Cmary-martin%E2%80%9D-note-in-alger-hiss%E2%80%99s-handwriting#fnref-659-8 Rubens-Robinson case]; "The camp contains about 32,000 prisoners. They are kept there until [[death]] results from hard work, bad food and consequent sickness. I met two [[American]] citizens in the camp, Arthur Hanley, a chemical engineer from California, and Edward Rose, a machinist from Boston, Mass. They said they came to Russia in 1921 as volunteer workers. Rose said he was [[arrest]]ed in Leningrad in 1923. Hanley was caught trying to escape from Russia to Latvia in 1925. Each was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but, although they have served out their sentences, they are still being held. They told me they know of three other native-born Americans who are held prisoner in other Soviet camps....Mrs. Ruth Marie Rubens (alias Robinson), one U.S. citizen officially known to be in jail in Moscow (''TIME'', Dec. 27 [1937]).  In Moscow on December 9...U.S. Charge d'Affaires Loy W. Henderson learned that Mrs. Rubens had "disappeared"' from the big Hotel National next door to the U.S. Embassy. On January 18 [1938] the Soviet Foreign Office finally admitted that Mrs. Rubens was under arrest, failed to say on what charge...." The Robinson's evidently had been [[Trotskyite]]s.</ref> to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

{{Cquote|Although the Soviets disclaim [[forced labor]] in this country, the organization of this commissariat is interesting to note.  In it are the means to apprehend (militia), try and sentence (advisory council) and imprison offenders ([[Gulag|corrective labor]]).  Any governmental organization that has a crying need for labor simply calls upon the NKVD to supply it.  If the amount of labor is insufficient to supply the need, it is relatively an easy matter to institute a reign of [[terror]] on any pretext and fill up labor colonies<ref>See for example [http://web.archive.org/web/20080616114405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789421,00.html 32,000 & Mrs. Rubens], ''[[Time magazine]]'', Feb. 07, 1938 on the [http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/the-%E2%80%9Cmary-martin%E2%80%9D-note-in-alger-hiss%E2%80%99s-handwriting#fnref-659-8 Rubens-Robinson case]; "The camp contains about 32,000 prisoners. They are kept there until [[death]] results from hard work, bad food and consequent sickness. I met two [[American]] citizens in the camp, Arthur Hanley, a chemical engineer from California, and Edward Rose, a machinist from Boston, Mass. They said they came to Russia in 1921 as volunteer workers. Rose said he was [[arrest]]ed in Leningrad in 1923. Hanley was caught trying to escape from Russia to Latvia in 1925. Each was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but, although they have served out their sentences, they are still being held. They told me they know of three other native-born Americans who are held prisoner in other Soviet camps....Mrs. Ruth Marie Rubens (alias Robinson), one U.S. citizen officially known to be in jail in Moscow (''TIME'', Dec. 27 [1937]).  In Moscow on December 9...U.S. Charge d'Affaires Loy W. Henderson learned that Mrs. Rubens had "disappeared"' from the big Hotel National next door to the U.S. Embassy. On January 18 [1938] the Soviet Foreign Office finally admitted that Mrs. Rubens was under arrest, failed to say on what charge...." The Robinson's evidently had been [[Trotskyite]]s.</ref> to meet requirements....Its close supervision over the people, its [[pogroms]], its raids and arrests, has instilled fear...[http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]...The NKVD has every individual under observation from birth to death...its secret agents are everywhere; its actions are swift.  An individual simply disappears in the middle of the night and no one ever sees or hears of him again. ...When Stalin needs scapegoats to cover government mistakes he unleashes his NKVD...The Soviet Union is in itself a prison and the NKVD and State Security are its keepers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040423034159/www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/5d.gif]}}

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==External links==  

==External links==

*[http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/hopkins-harry.htm Harry Hopkins, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers]

*[http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/hopkins-harry.htm Harry Hopkins, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers]

*[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-18-1921-1946.html#18D-8 Special Committee to Investigate Unemployment and Relief] (June 10, 1937).  

*[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-18-1921-1946.html#18D-8 Special Committee to Investigate Unemployment and Relief] (June 10, 1937).