Changes

Joseph McCarthy (view source)

Revision as of 05:43, June 27, 2016

254 bytes removed , 05:43, June 27, 2016

clean up & uniformity

Line 15: Line 15:

}}

−

'''Joe McCarthy''' (Joseph Raymond McCarthy, November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was a two-term [[Republican]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Wisconsin]]. He dominated the anti-[[communist]] movement in the United States, ~~1950-54~~, until his career receded after censure by the Senate. '''"McCarthyism"''' is the aggressive exposure of Communist influences in America and the people who protect them.

+

'''Joe McCarthy''' (Joseph Raymond McCarthy, November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was a two-term [[Republican]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Wisconsin]]. He dominated the anti-[[communist]] movement in the United States, 1950–54, until his career receded after censure by the Senate. '''"McCarthyism"''' is the aggressive exposure of Communist influences in America and the people who protect them.

Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public figure to object to [[Communist]] infiltration of the [[United States]] government. A 1954 Gallup poll found that Joe McCarthy was the fourth on its list of most admired men.<ref>http://www.knology.net/~bilrum/mccarth5.htm</ref> He is now considered an American hero by many, though liberals still seek to tarnish his name.

Line 44: Line 44:

McCarthy had his name entered in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate in 1944, opposing a well-entrenched incumbent Republican, Alexander Wiley. The absentee war hero ran a strong second, making a name for himself statewide and making himself available for the 1946 Senate contest.

−

Why McCarthy suddenly changed parties was never explained, but prospects for ambitious Wisconsin politicians were dim inside the poorly organized Democratic party, for most [[New Deal]]ers supported the state’s [[Progressive party#~~LaFollete_creates_a_third_party_in_1924~~|Progressive party]]. During the war, however, that party collapsed, torn apart between its [[New Deal]] domestic liberalism, and its intensely isolationist opposition to Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Increasingly out of touch with Wisconsin, its leader [[Robert LaFollette Jr.]] looked to his family’s past glories and made the blunder of trying for reelection to the Senate in 1946 as a Republican.

+

Why McCarthy suddenly changed parties was never explained, but prospects for ambitious Wisconsin politicians were dim inside the poorly organized Democratic party, for most [[New Deal]]ers supported the state’s [[Progressive party#LaFollete creates a third party in 1924|Progressive party]]. During the war, however, that party collapsed, torn apart between its [[New Deal]] domestic liberalism, and its intensely isolationist opposition to Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Increasingly out of touch with Wisconsin, its leader [[Robert LaFollette Jr.]] looked to his family’s past glories and made the blunder of trying for reelection to the Senate in 1946 as a Republican.

"Tail Gunner Joe," as his posters called him, endlessly crisscrossed Wisconsin while LaFollette remained in Washington, offered an alternative in the Republican primary to old guard Republicans who had opposed the Lafollettes for a half century. McCarthy brilliantly captured the frustrations citizens felt about massive strikes, unstable economy, price controls, severe shortages of housing and meat, and the growing threat of from the far left in the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations|CIO]]. He nipped LaFollette in the primary. The slogan “Had Enough?—Vote Republican” gave the Republicans a landslide all across the North, electing a new junior senator from Wisconsin.

==Communist Issue==

−

In Washington, McCarthy was a mainstream conservative in domestic policy, and, like many veterans, was an internationalist in foreign affairs, supporting the [[Marshall Plan]] and [[NATO]]. His speeches rarely mentioned domestic Communism or flaming issues like the [[Alger Hiss]] espionage case, but that suddenly changed in early 1950 when his vivid [[anti-Communist]] rhetoric drew national attention. "The issue between the Republicans and Democrats is clearly drawn. It has been deliberately drawn by those who have been in charge of twenty years of treason.” Alleging there were many card-carrying Communists in U. S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]’s State Department, McCarthy forced a Senate investigation led by Millard Tydings, Democrat of [[Maryland]]. McCarthy named numerous suspect diplomats but failed to convince the three Democrats on the panel; they concluded his allegations were “a fraud and a hoax,” while the two Republicans dissented. McCarthy retaliated by campaigning against Tydings, who was defeated for reelection in November 1950. What the senator himself called McCarthyism was a factor in key races across the country; all his candidates won and his stock soared. A few weeks later American forces were crushed by the [[~~History_of_China~~#~~Communist_Party~~|Chinese]] in [[Korean War|Korea]], and in spring 1951 Truman tried to shift the blame by firing General [[Douglas MacArthur]].

+

In Washington, McCarthy was a mainstream conservative in domestic policy, and, like many veterans, was an internationalist in foreign affairs, supporting the [[Marshall Plan]] and [[NATO]]. His speeches rarely mentioned domestic Communism or flaming issues like the [[Alger Hiss]] espionage case, but that suddenly changed in early 1950 when his vivid [[anti-Communist]] rhetoric drew national attention. "The issue between the Republicans and Democrats is clearly drawn. It has been deliberately drawn by those who have been in charge of twenty years of treason.” Alleging there were many card-carrying Communists in U. S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]’s State Department, McCarthy forced a Senate investigation led by Millard Tydings, Democrat of [[Maryland]]. McCarthy named numerous suspect diplomats but failed to convince the three Democrats on the panel; they concluded his allegations were “a fraud and a hoax,” while the two Republicans dissented. McCarthy retaliated by campaigning against Tydings, who was defeated for reelection in November 1950. What the senator himself called McCarthyism was a factor in key races across the country; all his candidates won and his stock soared. A few weeks later American forces were crushed by the [[History of China#Communist Party|Chinese]] in [[Korean War|Korea]], and in spring 1951 Truman tried to shift the blame by firing General [[Douglas MacArthur]].

==Support from Catholics and Kennedys==

−

The great majority of Catholics were anti-Communist, but they were also loyal Democrats, so to enlarge his base McCarthy, a Republican, needed an alliance with anti-Communist Catholics.<ref> Martin E. Marty, ''Modern American Religion: 1941-1960'' (1996) 3:358</ref> The Catholic bishops and the Catholic press was "among McCarthy's most fervid supporters." <ref> Charles R. Morris, ''American Catholic'' (1997) p. 248-50, quote on p. 248; James Waldron Arnold, ''Objectivity in Selected Catholic Diocesan Newspapers'' (1954) p. 49.</ref> A major connection was with the powerful Kennedy family, which had very high visibility among all Catholics in the Northeast.<ref>Kevin Kenny, ''The American Irish'' (2000), 242-43.</ref> Well before he became famous McCarthy became closely associated with [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]]. He was a frequent guest at the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port and at one point dated Joe's daughter Patricia. After McCarthy became nationally prominent, Kennedy was a vocal supporter and helped build McCarthy's popularity among Catholics. Kennedy contributed cash and encouraged his friends to give money. Some historians have argued that in the Senate race of 1952, Joe Kennedy and McCarthy made a deal that McCarthy would not make campaign speeches for the Republican ticket in [[Massachusetts]], and in return, Congressman and future U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] would not give anti-McCarthy speeches. In 1953 McCarthy hired [[Robert Kennedy]] as a senior staff member. When the Senate voted to censure McCarthy in 1954, Senator Kennedy was in the hospital and never indicated then or later how he would vote; he told associates he could not vote against McCarthy because of the family ties.<ref> Michael O'Brien, ''John F. Kennedy: A Biography'' (2005); Crosby, ''God, Church, and Flag'' </ref>

+

The great majority of Catholics were anti-Communist, but they were also loyal Democrats, so to enlarge his base McCarthy, a Republican, needed an alliance with anti-Communist Catholics.<ref>Martin E. Marty, ''Modern American Religion: 1941-1960'' (1996) 3:358</ref> The Catholic bishops and the Catholic press was "among McCarthy's most fervid supporters." <ref>Charles R. Morris, ''American Catholic'' (1997) p. 248-50, quote on p. 248; James Waldron Arnold, ''Objectivity in Selected Catholic Diocesan Newspapers'' (1954) p. 49.</ref> A major connection was with the powerful Kennedy family, which had very high visibility among all Catholics in the Northeast.<ref>Kevin Kenny, ''The American Irish'' (2000), 242-43.</ref> Well before he became famous McCarthy became closely associated with [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]]. He was a frequent guest at the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port and at one point dated Joe's daughter Patricia. After McCarthy became nationally prominent, Kennedy was a vocal supporter and helped build McCarthy's popularity among Catholics. Kennedy contributed cash and encouraged his friends to give money. Some historians have argued that in the Senate race of 1952, Joe Kennedy and McCarthy made a deal that McCarthy would not make campaign speeches for the Republican ticket in [[Massachusetts]], and in return, Congressman and future U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] would not give anti-McCarthy speeches. In 1953 McCarthy hired [[Robert Kennedy]] as a senior staff member. When the Senate voted to censure McCarthy in 1954, Senator Kennedy was in the hospital and never indicated then or later how he would vote; he told associates he could not vote against McCarthy because of the family ties.<ref>Michael O'Brien, ''John F. Kennedy: A Biography'' (2005); Crosby, ''God, Church, and Flag''</ref>

==Political dominance==

Line 81: Line 81:

McCarthy is permanently associated with the use of the word "McCarthyism" (a word which he did not coin, but of which he did make use according to a sense more aligned with his actual philosophy) to mean an aggressive attack on Communists who had infiltrated America and on the liberals who protected them—an attack, however, without regard for due process. Although the left was unable to make heroes of the people who supported and sometimes were controlled by Stalin, they did make heroes of opponents of McCarthy, painting him as the internal menace to American values that was far worse than Communist subversion. Schrecker (1998) sees McCarthyism as anti-Communist political repression of the early Cold War, and explores its mechanisms through, and what she considers the exaggerated public fears on which it depended. During the 1940s-1950s, McCarthyism took on a variety of forms with an array of agendas, interested parties, and modes of operating. Despite its widespread and popular character, it started with the federal government and was driven by a network of dedicated anti-Communist crusaders such as [[J. Edgar Hoover]], director of the United States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). McCarthyism's repression both responded to and helped create widespread fears of a significant threat to national security.

−

[[Margaret Chase Smith]], Republican senator from [[Maine]], gained a national reputation as one of the earliest critics McCarthyism with a Senate speech on June 1, 1950, called "the Declaration of Conscience." It was an attempt by Smith to address the excesses of McCarthyism, and was widely hailed as a call to reason by McCarthy's opponents. Smith gave a critique of the American political process and political institutions in the responses to dissent on the left and the right. Smith, like other McCarthy critics, sought to bring a level of civility to political protest and dissent. She and many others who objected to the tactics of McCarthy actually believed in the underlying tenets of his anti-Communist crusade. Their responses to his excesses reflected a desire to narrow the scope of acceptable political dissent.<ref> Gregory Peter Gallant, "Margaret Chase Smith, McCarthyism and the Drive for Political Purification." PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1992. 302 pp. DAI 1992 53(5): 1642-A. DA9227981</ref>

+

[[Margaret Chase Smith]], Republican senator from [[Maine]], gained a national reputation as one of the earliest critics McCarthyism with a Senate speech on June 1, 1950, called "the Declaration of Conscience." It was an attempt by Smith to address the excesses of McCarthyism, and was widely hailed as a call to reason by McCarthy's opponents. Smith gave a critique of the American political process and political institutions in the responses to dissent on the left and the right. Smith, like other McCarthy critics, sought to bring a level of civility to political protest and dissent. She and many others who objected to the tactics of McCarthy actually believed in the underlying tenets of his anti-Communist crusade. Their responses to his excesses reflected a desire to narrow the scope of acceptable political dissent.<ref>Gregory Peter Gallant, "Margaret Chase Smith, McCarthyism and the Drive for Political Purification." PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1992. 302 pp. DAI 1992 53(5): 1642-A. DA9227981</ref>

==Impact on government==

Rausch (2000) argues McCarthy's campaign {{cquote|had a lasting impact on the conduct of U.S. foreign relations, particularly among professional diplomatic institutions like the State Department and its [[United States Foreign Service|Foreign Service]] personnel, and McCarthyism did not disappear with the senator's censure in 1954. The 'ism' in a broad sense was a set of ideas not only about internal subversion but also about the outside world, including a simplistic, isolationist anti-communism and a deep suspicion about social reform movements abroad. It stood in open opposition to a more complex, even accommodating, view of communism. Instead of ending the hunt for subversives begun under Truman, Eisenhower made the search systematic, universal, and more broadly defined. McCarthyist Scott McLeod took over security and personnel functions of the State Department and became one of the most famous and despised men in the executive branch. McLeod brought McCarthyist methods and assumptions to bear in ridding the department of what he defined as security risks. Oral history sources provide key evidence for the destructive atmosphere within the department in these years, and they shed valuable light on McLeod's impact on the foreign affairs bureaucracy. In the short term, the Foreign Service declined in morale, prestige, and influence. By 1954, professionally trained diplomacy, with nuanced, internationalist views lost ground to more simplistic, strictly anticommunist views. During Eisenhower's second term, the Foreign Service and the more moderate approach experienced a resurgence but still faced opposition from hard-liners who survived the McCarthy years. The Latin American branch of the department embodied the changes in professional diplomacy towards one region of the world. Within the division were the institutionalized tensions of the Eisenhower administration, between career diplomats and political appointees, conservative and moderate anti-communists, and trained diplomats and other specialists. The U.S. embassy in Cuba showed this internal conflict in a microcosm, as the administration's response to Latin American revolution evolved after 1954. McCarthyism accompanied Eisenhower into office, and its effects continued into his last foreign policy crisis and beyond."<ref>Rausch, Scott Alan (2000). [http://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/10401 Abstract of ''McCarthyism and Eisenhower's State Department, 1953-1961'']. Thesis (Ph. D.) (Seattle, WA: University of Washington). Abstract retrieved from University of Washington's ResearchWorks archive on April 2, 2015.</ref>}}

−

In [[California]] McCarthyism began before the Senator was famous. In 1946 in the [[Los Angeles]] schools two teachers from Canoga Park High School were called before the Tenney Senate Investigating Committee on charges of communistic teaching. The two teachers were exonerated of all charges, but a campaign to rid the LA district of dissident teachers was effectively launched. The target of the campaign was a group of teachers who belonged to the Los Angeles Federation of Teachers (LAFT), formerly known as Union Local 430 and chartered under the American Federation of Teachers, until 1948, when the AFT revoked the charter. By 1954, Los Angeles teachers were required to take five loyalty oaths, although not one teacher was ever charged with or convicted of subversion. In 1953, the Los Angeles City School Board announced that 304 teachers were to be investigated because of alleged Communist affiliations. The Dilworth Oath, made law in 1953, required teachers to answer questions posed to them by the Investigating Committees. Teachers who refused to answer the Committee questions by claiming their [[Fifth Amendment]] rights could then be fired by the Board for insubordination.<ref> Ellen Chase Verdries, "Teaching with the Enemy: An Archival and Narrative Analysis of McCarthyism in the Public Schools." PhD dissertation Claremont Grad. School 1996. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(9): 3853-A. DA9703815</ref>

+

In [[California]] McCarthyism began before the Senator was famous. In 1946 in the [[Los Angeles]] schools two teachers from Canoga Park High School were called before the Tenney Senate Investigating Committee on charges of communistic teaching. The two teachers were exonerated of all charges, but a campaign to rid the LA district of dissident teachers was effectively launched. The target of the campaign was a group of teachers who belonged to the Los Angeles Federation of Teachers (LAFT), formerly known as Union Local 430 and chartered under the American Federation of Teachers, until 1948, when the AFT revoked the charter. By 1954, Los Angeles teachers were required to take five loyalty oaths, although not one teacher was ever charged with or convicted of subversion. In 1953, the Los Angeles City School Board announced that 304 teachers were to be investigated because of alleged Communist affiliations. The Dilworth Oath, made law in 1953, required teachers to answer questions posed to them by the Investigating Committees. Teachers who refused to answer the Committee questions by claiming their [[Fifth Amendment]] rights could then be fired by the Board for insubordination.<ref>Ellen Chase Verdries, "Teaching with the Enemy: An Archival and Narrative Analysis of McCarthyism in the Public Schools." PhD dissertation Claremont Grad. School 1996. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(9): 3853-A. DA9703815</ref>

==Media and popular culture==

Historians have debated the degree to which McCarthyism permeated the American mood and popular culture. Anti-Communist liberals at the time said it played to isolationism (especially strong in McCarthy's Wisconsin) by diverting attention away from the real threat, Stalin's Soviet Union as an external power. The Left said that they had a First Amendment right to their beliefs and that McCarthyism had a chilling effect. Dussere (2003) shows that comic strip artist Walt Kelly in "Pogo" parodied McCarthyism and promoted leftist politics as old-fashioned American common sense, representing a time when concerns about art and politics with respect to popular culture were in the forefront.

−

Hoover's FBI targeted retired film comedian [[Charlie Chaplin]] because of his status as a cultural icon and as part of its broader investigation of Hollywood. Some of Chaplin's films were considered "Communist propaganda," but because Chaplin was a British citizen and was not a member of the Communist Party, he was not among those investigated by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] in 1947. Nevertheless, he was vulnerable to protests by the American Legion and other patriotic groups because of both his sexual and political unorthodoxy. Although countersubversives succeeded in driving Chaplin out of the U.S., they failed to build a consensus that Chaplin was a threat to the nation. Chaplin's story testifies to both the power of the countersubversive campaign at mid-century and to some of its limitations.<ref> Sbardellati and Shaw (2003)</ref>

+

Hoover's FBI targeted retired film comedian [[Charlie Chaplin]] because of his status as a cultural icon and as part of its broader investigation of Hollywood. Some of Chaplin's films were considered "Communist propaganda," but because Chaplin was a British citizen and was not a member of the Communist Party, he was not among those investigated by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] in 1947. Nevertheless, he was vulnerable to protests by the American Legion and other patriotic groups because of both his sexual and political unorthodoxy. Although countersubversives succeeded in driving Chaplin out of the U.S., they failed to build a consensus that Chaplin was a threat to the nation. Chaplin's story testifies to both the power of the countersubversive campaign at mid-century and to some of its limitations.<ref>Sbardellati and Shaw (2003)</ref>

Strout (1999) looks at [[Christian Science Monitor|''The Christian Science Monitor'']] during the McCarthy era (1950-1954); it was a highly influential newspaper at home and abroad. Strout asks: (1) Was the ''Monitor'' a consistent critic of McCarthy? (2) How did the coverage compare to other elite and popular press newspapers? (3) How did the pressures associated with McCarthyism effect individuals at the ''Monitor'' and its news product? An extensive review of editorials and news articles suggests that it was thorough and fair in reporting, yet outspoken and responsible in editorial criticism. [[Mary Baker Eddy]]'s original 1907 statement that, "The purpose of the ''Monitor'' is to injure no man, but to bless all mankind," was referred to repeatedly in interoffice correspondence during the McCarthy era. The ''Monitor'' did not attack McCarthy personally as other papers did; rather, its criticism centered on the actions of the senator and the negative effects they were having at home and abroad. The ''Monitor'' served as a voice of moderation, yet at the same time, remained a persistent critic of McCarthy's tactics. Individuals were affected by the pressures of McCarthyism. For instance, veteran Washington correspondent Richard L. Strout was suspended from covering McCarthy for eight to 12 months after being mentioned in McCarthy's book, ''McCarthyism: The Fight for America.''

Line 101: Line 101:

*Senator Joseph McCarthy, [http://faculty.tnstate.edu/tcorse/h2020/senator_joseph_mccarthy.htm Speech at Wheeling, West Virginia], 1950, Congressional Record of the Senate, 81st Congress 2nd Session, February 20, 1950 (Tennessee State University). Cf. ''Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951, reprinted from the Congressional Record'' (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1951); "Senator Joe McCarthy's Visit to Valley Area," ''Wheeling Intelligencer'', February 11, 1950; "57 Reds Help Shaping U.S. Policy: McCarthy," ''Denver Post'', February 11, 1950; ''Salt Lake Tribune'', February 11, 1950; ''Salt Lake Telegram'', February 11, 1950; [http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mccarthy-telegram/images/telegram-page-1.gif McCarthy to President Truman] (telegram), February 11, 1950; "McCarthy Blasts State Department," ''Nevada State Journal'', February 12, 1950.

*McCarthy, Joseph (February 9, 1950) "[http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/pdocs/mccarthy_wheeling.pdf Speech at Wheeling], West Virginia, 9 February 1950," in Michael P. Johnson, ed., Reading the American Past, Vol. II (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), pgs. 191-195.

−

*Vernon, Wes (January 13, 2006). [http://www.aim.org/aim_report/A4297_0_4_0_C/|''AIM Report: Looney Clooney Smears Senator McCarthy'']. Accuracy In Media

+

*Vernon, Wes (January 13, 2006). [http://www.aim.org/aim_report/A4297_0_4_0_C/ ''AIM Report: Looney Clooney Smears Senator McCarthy'']. Accuracy In Media

−

*Irvine, Reed and Kincaid, Cliff (September 13, 2000). [http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A2958_0_2_0_C/|''Joe McCarthy, a Victimizer or Victim'']. Accuracy In Media

+

*Irvine, Reed and Kincaid, Cliff (September 13, 2000). [http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A2958_0_2_0_C/ ''Joe McCarthy, a Victimizer or Victim'']. Accuracy In Media

*Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent (1954, 1995 Printing). ''McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning''. Regnery Publishing Inc., pgs. 41-61. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.</ref>}}

−

McCarthy compiled a list of 57 security risks and publicly named [[John S. Service]], Gustavo Duran, [[Mary Jane Keeney]], Harlow Shapley, and [[H. Julian Wadleigh]] <ref>Alexander Vassiliev, Notes on A. Gorsky’s Report to Savchenko S.R., 23 December 1949.</ref> as being on the list. <ref>Reeves, Thomas C. (1997). ''The life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography''. Madison Books. pgs. 222-238. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.</ref> These names came from the "Lee List" of unresolved State Department security cases compiled by the earlier investigators for the House Appropriation Committee in 1947. Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950). </ref>

+

McCarthy compiled a list of 57 security risks and publicly named [[John S. Service]], Gustavo Duran, [[Mary Jane Keeney]], Harlow Shapley, and [[H. Julian Wadleigh]] <ref>Alexander Vassiliev, Notes on A. Gorsky’s Report to Savchenko S.R., 23 December 1949.</ref> as being on the list.<ref>Reeves, Thomas C. (1997). ''The life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography''. Madison Books. pgs. 222-238. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.</ref> These names came from the "Lee List" of unresolved State Department security cases compiled by the earlier investigators for the House Appropriation Committee in 1947. Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list.<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950).</ref>

In a six hour speech on the Senate floor on February 20, 1950 in which McCarthy was constantly interrupted by hostile senators; four of whom — Scott Lucas (61 times), Brien McMahon (27 times), Garrett Withers (22 times), and Herbert Lehman (13 times) — interrupted him a total of 123 times, McCarthy raised the issue of some eighty individuals who had worked in the [[State Department]], or wartime agencies such as the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) and the [[Board of Economic Warfare]] (BEW).

Line 116: Line 116:

Democratic Senator William Benton of [[Connecticut]] introduced a bill to eject McCarthy from the Senate. His first charge was that at Wheeling, McCarthy had said that he had a list of 205 names, rather than 57 names. The Senate (then under Democrat control) sent staff investigators to Wheeling to try to substantiate Benton's charges. The investigation found no evidence to support Benton's charge. According to one investigator:

{{cquote|The newly unearthed evidence demolished Senator Benton’s charges in all their material respects and thoroughly proved Senator McCarthy’s account of the facts to be truthful.<ref>Statement by Daniel Buckley, December 13, 1951, McCarthy papers, cited in M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xCaDcYsr0sgC Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (Crown Forum 2007) ISBN 1400081068, pp. 438-439.</ref>}}

−

Senate Democrats quietly buried the 44-page staff memo summarizing these findings, but the charge that McCarthy had said “205” was likewise dropped. Thus the ''Congressional Record'' to this day records that McCarthy said "57," not "205." Nevertheless, many on the left continue to promote Benton's discredited claim as gospel.<ref>Washington Post (February 12, 1950).''Washington Post, February 12, 1950; McCarthy's speech in Wheeling & letter to President Truman are cited in the article titled "Security Risks" to the lower left of the photo''. Washington Post[http://www.conservapedia.com/images/thumb/4/49/Washpost1950.jpg/250px-Washpost1950.jpg]</ref>

+

Senate Democrats quietly buried the 44-page staff memo summarizing these findings, but the charge that McCarthy had said “205” was likewise dropped. Thus the ''Congressional Record'' to this day records that McCarthy said "57," not "205." Nevertheless, many on the left continue to promote Benton's discredited claim as gospel.<ref>Washington Post (February 12, 1950).''Washington Post, February 12, 1950; McCarthy's speech in Wheeling & letter to President Truman are cited in the article titled "Security Risks" to the lower left of the photo''. Washington Post [http://www.conservapedia.com/images/thumb/4/49/Washpost1950.jpg/250px-Washpost1950.jpg]</ref>

Benton made this allegation only about McCarthy's speech in Wheeling, West Virginia and not in the other cities where he made the speech. The 205 number actually came in another part of his speech; on February 20, 1950, in a speech made on the floor of the Senate, McCarthy officially clarified the issue:

Line 132: Line 132:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}</ref>}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}</ref>}}

McCarthy was able to characterize President Truman and the Democratic Party as soft on or even in league with the Communists. McCarthy's allegations were rejected by Truman who was unaware of [[Venona project]] decrypts which corroborated [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s debriefing after her defection from the Communists.

Line 143: Line 143:

| publisher = Cornell University Press

| page = 342

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-801-48558-4}}</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-801-48558-4}}</ref>

On March 9, 1954, [[CBS]] broadcasted [[Edward R. Murrow]]'s ''See It Now'' TV documentary attacking McCarthy.

Line 152: Line 152:

* FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 93, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster093.pdf pgs. 166 - 170] pdf. Original Edward Morgan memo 1/14/47, "The only reasonable hope of salvaging a successful prosecution is (a) to endeavor to make an informant of one of the subjects and/or (b) interview the subjects in the hope that at least one will break...Failing to successfully develop one of the subjects as an informant, I doubt if any more can be accomplished of probative value through further investigation...This case will stand or fall dependent upon the extent to which the subjects may break and in breaking corroborate [Elizabeth Bentley]. I personally am of the opinion that the Bureau would be derelict in its responsibility in this instance if the various subjects were not thoroughly and exhaustively interviewed. The odds are not too good that such interviews would terminate successfully; however, it is quite possible that some lesser lights among the subjects would crack during the course of a careful and pointed interview....one of the subjects, probably the weakest sister, be contacted with a view to making him an informant. This is an outside chance but offers the only reasonable prospect of making a case with respect to contemporaneous and future events. Failing in this respect, that immediately the other subjects be exhaustively interviewed. Since an interview with one would virtually amount to putting all of them on notice, it would seem logical to conduct such interviews as nearly simultaneously as possible....That failing to break any of the subjects, serious consideration be given to exposing this lousy outfit and at least hounding them from Federal service. Several possibilities exist in this regard but this would seem to be a bridge to cross when we get to it."</ref> And there is no indication McCarthy might have known he was being used by Hoover in this way.

−

On February 7, 1950, three days before McCarthy's acclaimed Wheeling, West Virginia speech, Hoover testified before House Appropriations Committee that [[~~Glossary_of_espionage_terms~~#Counterintelligence|counterespionage]] requires "an objective different from the handling of criminal cases. It is more important to ascertain his contacts, his objectives, his sources of information and his methods of communication" as "arrest and public disclosure are steps to be taken only as a matter of last resort." He concluded that "we can be secure only when we have a full knowledge of the operations of an espionage network, because then we are in a position to render their efforts ineffective."<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/foxpaper.htm In the Enemy’s House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence], John F. Fox, Jr., FBI Historian, Presented at the 2005 Symposium on Cryptologic History, 10/27/2005. </ref>

+

On February 7, 1950, three days before McCarthy's acclaimed Wheeling, West Virginia speech, Hoover testified before House Appropriations Committee that [[Glossary of espionage terms#Counterintelligence|counterespionage]] requires "an objective different from the handling of criminal cases. It is more important to ascertain his contacts, his objectives, his sources of information and his methods of communication" as "arrest and public disclosure are steps to be taken only as a matter of last resort." He concluded that "we can be secure only when we have a full knowledge of the operations of an espionage network, because then we are in a position to render their efforts ineffective."<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/foxpaper.htm In the Enemy’s House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence], John F. Fox, Jr., FBI Historian, Presented at the 2005 Symposium on Cryptologic History, 10/27/2005.</ref>

McCarthy is said to have made the claim, "I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party." The famous "List", as it has come to be known, has always engendered much controversy. The figure of 205 appears to have come from an oral briefing McCarthy had with Hoover regarding espionage suspects the FBI was then investigating. The FBI had discovered on its own five Soviet agents operating in the United States during World War II; defector Elizabeth Bentley further added another 81 known identities of espionage agents; Venona materials had provided the balance, and by the time a full accounting of true name identities was compiled in an FBI memo in 1957, one more subject had been added to the number, now totaling 206.<ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Synopsis_on_%22Operations_of_the_MGB_Residency_at_New_York,_1944-45%22 FBI Memo Referencing 206 Communists in Government]</ref>

−

Much confusion has always surrounded the subject. While the closely guarded FBI/Venona information of identified espionage agents uses the number of 206, McCarthy in his Wheeling speech only referred to Communist Party membership and other security risks, and not espionage activity. Being a security risk as a [[Communist Party of the United States of America]] (CPUSA) member does not necessarily entail or imply that a person was or is actively involved in espionage activity. Venona materials indicated a very large number of espionage agents remained unidentified by the FBI. When McCarthy was questioned on the number, he referred to the Lee List of security risks, by which it appears Hoover was attempting to match unidentified code names to known security risks. Hoover kept the identities of persons known to be involved in espionage activity from Venona evidence secret. Hoover in the very early days of the FBI's joint investigation with the [[Army Signals Intelligence Service]] in May of 1946 did precisely the same deception with a confidant of [[President Truman]] using Venona decryptions. Hoover reported that a reliable source revealed “an enormous Soviet espionage ring in Washington.” Of some fourteen names, [[KGB|Soviet agents]] [[Alger Hiss]] and [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]] were listed well down the list. The name at the top was “Undersecretary of State [[Dean Acheson]]” and included others beyond reproach, thus discrediting the Hiss and Silvermaster accusations, which actually were on target. Hence the Truman White House always suspected Hoover and the FBI of playing partisan political games with accusations of various administration members’ complicity in Soviet espionage.<ref>Multiple references:

+

Much confusion has always surrounded the subject. While the closely guarded FBI/Venona information of identified espionage agents uses the number of 206, McCarthy in his Wheeling speech only referred to Communist Party membership and other security risks, and not espionage activity. Being a security risk as a [[Communist Party of the United States of America]] (CPUSA) member does not necessarily entail or imply that a person was or is actively involved in espionage activity. Venona materials indicated a very large number of espionage agents remained unidentified by the FBI. When McCarthy was questioned on the number, he referred to the Lee List of security risks, by which it appears Hoover was attempting to match unidentified code names to known security risks. Hoover kept the identities of persons known to be involved in espionage activity from Venona evidence secret. Hoover in the very early days of the FBI's joint investigation with the [[Army Signals Intelligence Service]] in May 1946 did precisely the same deception with a confidant of [[President Truman]] using Venona decryptions. Hoover reported that a reliable source revealed “an enormous Soviet espionage ring in Washington.” Of some fourteen names, [[KGB|Soviet agents]] [[Alger Hiss]] and [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]] were listed well down the list. The name at the top was “Undersecretary of State [[Dean Acheson]]” and included others beyond reproach, thus discrediting the Hiss and Silvermaster accusations, which actually were on target. Hence the Truman White House always suspected Hoover and the FBI of playing partisan political games with accusations of various administration members’ complicity in Soviet espionage.<ref>Multiple references:

*FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster050.pdf Vol. 50, pgs. 13-16] pdf, May 29, 1946.

*[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/foreword.html Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Chairmans Forward], 1997.</ref>

−

The Venona project specifically references at least 349 pseudonyms in the United States—including citizens, immigrants, and permanent residents—who cooperated in various ways with Soviet intelligence agencies, however not all were ever identified. In public hearings before the [[Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] (PSI) conducted by McCarthy, 83 persons pled the Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination. An additional 9 persons refused to testify on constitutional grounds in private hearings, and their names were not made public.<ref>Drummey, James J. (May 11, 1987). [http://www.jbs.org/node/632|''The Real McCarthy Record'']. The New American, Section III. Committee Chairman (1953-54).</ref> Of the 83 persons pleading the Fifth Amendment, several have been identified by [[NSA]] and [[FBI]] as agents of the Soviet Union in the [[Venona project]] involved in espionage. Several prominent examples are:

+

The Venona project specifically references at least 349 pseudonyms in the United States—including citizens, immigrants, and permanent residents—who cooperated in various ways with Soviet intelligence agencies, however not all were ever identified. In public hearings before the [[Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] (PSI) conducted by McCarthy, 83 persons pled the Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination. An additional 9 persons refused to testify on constitutional grounds in private hearings, and their names were not made public.<ref>Drummey, James J. (May 11, 1987). [http://www.jbs.org/node/632 ''The Real McCarthy Record'']. The New American, Section III. Committee Chairman (1953-54).</ref> Of the 83 persons pleading the Fifth Amendment, several have been identified by [[NSA]] and [[FBI]] as agents of the Soviet Union in the [[Venona project]] involved in espionage. Several prominent examples are:

Line 170: Line 170:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = February 20, 1950

+

| date = February 20, 1950

| title = Page 1956

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 183: Line 183:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})

On June 14, 1951, Senator McCarthy gave the Senate information about Currie and his connection to the other individuals involved in supporting the Chinese Communists. He stated, "The Stilwell-Davies group took over in China in 1942. Soon thereafter, Lauchlin, at the White House, and [[John Carter Vincent]], and subsequently [[Alger Hiss]] at the State Department were exercising their influence at the Washington end of the transmission belt conveying poisonous misinformation from ChungKing. The full outlines of Currie's betrayal have yet to be traced....In this connection it should be recalled that Currie issued an order on White House stationery depriving the Republic of China of 20,000 German rifles."

({{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = June 14, 1951

+

| date = June 14, 1951

| title = Page 6574

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

−

* [[Virginius Frank Coe]] <ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of V. Frank Coe, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol1.pdf Vol. 1]: 147-50, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvo43.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3413, 3417-18, 3421, 3428-29

+

* [[Virginius Frank Coe]],<ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of V. Frank Coe, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol1.pdf Vol. 1]: 147-50, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvo43.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3413, 3417-18, 3421, 3428-29

testimony of, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol2.pdf Vol. 2]: 1349-72.

−

</ref>, Director of Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury; Technical Secretary at the Bretton Woods Conference; International Monetary Fund;

+

</ref> Director of Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury; Technical Secretary at the Bretton Woods Conference; International Monetary Fund;

−

* [[William Ludwig Ullman]] <ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of William Ludwig Ullman, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol3.pdf Vol. 3]: 2146, 2147, 2152, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol4.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3411-14, 3418, 3421, 3426-29, testimony of, Vol. 3: 2345-49.</ref>, delegate to the United Nations Charter Conference and Bretton Woods Conference;

+

* [[William Ludwig Ullman]],<ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of William Ludwig Ullman, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol3.pdf Vol. 3]: 2146, 2147, 2152, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol4.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3411-14, 3418, 3421, 3426-29, testimony of, Vol. 3: 2345-49.</ref> delegate to the United Nations Charter Conference and Bretton Woods Conference;

−

* [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]] <ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol2.pdf Vol. 2]: 1349, 1361, 1362, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol4.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3412-14, 3425-29.</ref>, Chief Planning Technician, Procurement Division, United States Department of the Treasury and head of the Silvermaster network of spies;

+

* [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]],<ref>McCarthy Hearings, Testimony of Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, Executive Session, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol2.pdf Vol. 2]: 1349, 1361, 1362, [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol4.pdf Vol. 4]: 3403, 3412-14, 3425-29.</ref> Chief Planning Technician, Procurement Division, United States Department of the Treasury and head of the Silvermaster network of spies;

* [[Harold Glasser]], U.S. Treasury Representative to the Allied High Commission in Italy;

* Four staff members of the [[LaFollette Committee|LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee]], a Senate subcommittee on labor rights;

Line 201: Line 201:

* [[Robert T. Miller]], Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs; Near Eastern Division United States Department of State; also identified in the ''Gorsky Memo'' from Soviet Archives; McCarthy's Case #16 and Lee list #12;<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, Notes on A. Gorsky’s Report to Savchenko S.R., 23 December 1949.</ref>

* [[Franz Leopold Neumann]], consultant at Board of Economic Warfare; Deputy Chief of the Central European Section of Office of Strategic Services; First Chief of Research of the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]]; also identified in the ''Gorsky Memo'' from Soviet Archives;

−

*[[Laurence Duggan]], head of United States Department of State Division of American Republics; <ref>Joseph R. McCarthy Papers, Series 14, Senate Subject Files, Marquettte University Library Special Collections.</ref>

+

*[[Laurence Duggan]], head of United States Department of State Division of American Republics;<ref>Joseph R. McCarthy Papers, Series 14, Senate Subject Files, Marquettte University Library Special Collections.</ref>

−

* [[Leonard Mins]], <ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf Army Signal Corps—Subversion and Espionage, October 22] (PDF). Executive Sessions Of The Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations Of The Committee On Government Operations; Vol. 3. pgs. 2717-2726, U.S. Government Printing Office (1953).</ref> Russian Section of the Research and Analysis Division of the [[Office of Strategic Services]];

+

* [[Leonard Mins]],<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf Army Signal Corps—Subversion and Espionage, October 22] (PDF). Executive Sessions Of The Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations Of The Committee On Government Operations; Vol. 3. pgs. 2717-2726, U.S. Government Printing Office (1953).</ref> Russian Section of the Research and Analysis Division of the [[Office of Strategic Services]];

−

* [[Cedric Belfrage]] <ref>[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/06amay20030700/www.gpo.gov/congress/senate/mccarthy/83870.html Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations], Vol. 2, Eighty-third Congress, 14 May 1953, pgs. 1135-1164.</ref>, [[British Security Coordination]]; founder the ''[[National Guardian]]''.

+

* [[Cedric Belfrage]],<ref>[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/06amay20030700/www.gpo.gov/congress/senate/mccarthy/83870.html Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations], Vol. 2, Eighty-third Congress, 14 May 1953, pgs. 1135-1164.</ref> [[British Security Coordination]]; founder the ''[[National Guardian]]''.

* [[Gerald Graze]], U.S. State Department; Lee List #29, confirmed in the ''Gorsky Memo'' from Soviet Archives, brother of Stanley Graze;

−

* [[Sergey Nikolaevich Kurnakov]], ''[[Daily Worker]]''; <ref>Joseph R. McCarthy Papers, Series 14, Senate Subject Files, Marquettte University Library Special Collections.</ref>

+

* [[Sergey Nikolaevich Kurnakov]], ''[[Daily Worker]]'';<ref>Joseph R. McCarthy Papers, Series 14, Senate Subject Files, Marquettte University Library Special Collections.</ref>

* [[David Karr]], Office of War Information; chief aide to journalist Drew Pearson.

Line 212: Line 212:

Venona transcripts confirm the Senate Civil Liberties Subcommittee, chaired by former Senator Robert LaFollette, Jr., whom McCarthy defeated for election in 1946, had at least four staff members working on behalf of the [[KGB]]. Chief Counsel of the Committee [[John Abt]]; [[Charles Kramer]], who served on three other Congressional Committees; Allen Rosenberg, who also served on the [[National Labor Relations Board]], [[Board of Economic Warfare]] (BEW), the [[Foreign Economic Administration]] (FEA) and later argued cases before the United States Supreme Court; and [[Charles Flato]], who served on the BEW and FEA, all were [[CPUSA]] members and associated with the [[Comintern]].

−

While the underlying premise of Communists in the government was true, many of McCarthy's targets were not complicit in espionage. Recent scholarship has established of 159 persons investigated between 1950 and 1952, there is substantial evidence nine had assisted Soviet espionage using evidence from Venona or other sources. Of the remainder, while not being directly complicit in espionage, many were considered security risks. <ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page62.html Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Lists and Venona], by John Earl Haynes, April 2007.</ref>

+

While the underlying premise of Communists in the government was true, many of McCarthy's targets were not complicit in espionage. Recent scholarship has established of 159 persons investigated between 1950 and 1952, there is substantial evidence nine had assisted Soviet espionage using evidence from Venona or other sources. Of the remainder, while not being directly complicit in espionage, many were considered security risks.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page62.html Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Lists and Venona], by John Earl Haynes, April 2007.</ref>

===Known security/loyalty risks===

Line 218: Line 218:

In June 1947, a Senate Appropriations subcommittee addressed a secret memorandum to Secretary of State George Marshall, calling to his attention a condition that developed and was continuing in the State Department. The memo stated that

{{Cquote|it was evident there was a deliberate, calculated program being carried out not only to protect communist personnel in high places, but to reduce security and intelligence protection to a nullity. On file in the department is a copy of a preliminary report of the FBI on Soviet espionage activities in the United States which involved a large number of State Department employees, some in high official positions.}}

−

Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list. The Lee list, also using numbers rather than names, was published in the proceeding of the subcommittee. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950).</ref>

+

Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list. The Lee list, also using numbers rather than names, was published in the proceeding of the subcommittee.<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950).</ref>

−

The memorandum listed the names of nine State Department officials and said that they were "only a few of the hundreds now employed in varying capacities who are protected and allowed to remain despite the fact that their presence is an obvious hazard to national security." Ten persons were removed from the list by June ~~24th~~. But from 1947 until McCarthy's Wheeling speech in February 1950, the State Department did not fire one person as a loyalty or security risk. <ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jepeurifoy.htm John Emil Peurifoy, Foreign Service Office & United States Ambassador], Arlington National Cemetery Website, retrieved 21 March 2007.</ref> In other branches of the government, however, more than 300 persons were discharged for loyalty reasons alone during the period from 1947 to 1951.

+

The memorandum listed the names of nine State Department officials and said that they were "only a few of the hundreds now employed in varying capacities who are protected and allowed to remain despite the fact that their presence is an obvious hazard to national security." Ten persons were removed from the list by June 24. But from 1947 until McCarthy's Wheeling speech in February 1950, the State Department did not fire one person as a loyalty or security risk.<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jepeurifoy.htm John Emil Peurifoy, Foreign Service Office & United States Ambassador], Arlington National Cemetery Website, retrieved 21 March 2007.</ref> In other branches of the government, however, more than 300 persons were discharged for loyalty reasons alone during the period from 1947 to 1951.

−

Most but not all of Senator McCarthy’s numbered cases were drawn from the “Lee List” or “108 list” of unresolved Department of State security cases compiled by Lee for the House Appropriations Committee in 1947. <ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page62.html Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Lists and Venona], by John Earl Haynes, April 2007.</ref> The Tydings subcommittee also obtained this list. In addition to some of the person involved in espionage identified in the [[Venona project]] listed above, there are other security and loyalty risks identified correctly by Senator McCarthy included in the following list:

+

Most but not all of Senator McCarthy’s numbered cases were drawn from the “Lee List” or “108 list” of unresolved Department of State security cases compiled by Lee for the House Appropriations Committee in 1947.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page62.html Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Lists and Venona], by John Earl Haynes, April 2007.</ref> The Tydings subcommittee also obtained this list. In addition to some of the person involved in espionage identified in the [[Venona project]] listed above, there are other security and loyalty risks identified correctly by Senator McCarthy included in the following list:

Line 232: Line 232:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})

Line 241: Line 241:

{{cite book

| last = FBI Silvermaster file, Hottel to the Director

−

| ~~year~~ = May 12, 1947

+

| date = May 12, 1947

| title = [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster116.pdf Vol. 116, pg. 100] pdf

| publisher = U. S. Government,}}

Line 252: Line 252:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[Stephen Brunauer]], U.S. Navy, chemist in the explosive research division;<ref>

McCarthy stated, "Brunauer, an admitted former member of the Young Communist League, was suspended from his job as head of the Navy's high explosives section where he was engaged in top secret work. He resigned before the Navy's Loyalty Board could complete questioning him and dispose of his case." Brunauer also had a reputation for associating with know Communists. McCarthy stated, "For example, his very good friend, [[Noel Field]], a known Communist and espionage agent, spent night after night with Stephen Brunauer, who had access to all the top secrets in the explosive section of our Navy. Field then left the country, and has since disappeared behind the iron curtain, taking with him all the information which his friend Brunauer had given him ... What forced the Navy to take action was that it appeared during the atom-spy investigations that Stephen Brunauer was involved."

Line 260: Line 260:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 267: Line 267:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = May 8, 1951

+

| date = May 8, 1951

| title = Page 5058

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>

Line 280: Line 280:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 287: Line 287:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>

−

An FBI Surveillance report on [[Edward Fitzgerald (Soviet spy)|Edward Fitzgerald]] from September 1947 notes that on May 20 1947 Fitzgerald's brother-in-law had lunch with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] and an appointment with [[Leslie Groves]]. Sometime later Frank Cameron, a regular contact of Fitzgerald tried to contact Gertrude Cameron in the State Department from the Fitzgerald’s home.

+

An FBI Surveillance report on [[Edward Fitzgerald (Soviet spy)|Edward Fitzgerald]] from September 1947 notes that on May 20, 1947 Fitzgerald's brother-in-law had lunch with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] and an appointment with [[Leslie Groves]]. Sometime later Frank Cameron, a regular contact of Fitzgerald tried to contact Gertrude Cameron in the State Department from the Fitzgerald’s home.

{{cite book

| last = FBI Silvermaster file,

Line 306: Line 306:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 313: Line 313:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 326: Line 326:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[John Paton Davies]], U.S. State Department, Policy Planning Committee;<ref>

−

McCarthy stated that, "Both [John Stewart] Service and Davies spent considerable time in China as State Department officials. In their recommendations to Washington both followed the Communist Party line. For example, on November 7, 1944, Davies submitted a memorandum to the State Department outing that the Communist Party in China was 'a modern dynamic popular government.' At the same time he referred to the anti-Communists as 'feudal.' 'The Communists are in China to stay. And China's destiny is not Chiang's but theirs,' said Davies. On December 12, 1944 he urged that we supply the Chinese Communists with arms — a proposal which [[Dean Acheson]] two years later requested Congress to approve." In 1944, Ambassador to China, [[Patrick J. Hurley]], accused Davies of working behind his back to support the Communists. According to Hurley, "Davies had one day flown off to Yenan to tell [[Mao Zedong|Mao TseTung]], the Communist leader, that Hurley, our Ambassador (an anti-Communist), did not represent the American viewpoint." According to ''The China Story'' by [[Freda Utley]], Davies was a great fan of Communist operative [[Agnes Smedley]] who operated in China. Utley states, "Davies was also a great admirer of [[Agnes Smedley]], whom he called one of 'the pure in heart.' He used to invite us all to excellent dinners at the American consulate, at which he expressed both his admiration and affection for Agnes. Together with [[Edgar Snow]] and other journalists I knew in Hankow, he [Davies] became one of the most potent influences in the Department [of State] furthering the cause of the Chinese Communists." The [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] had found that Davies had "testified falsely before the subcommittee in denying that he recommended the Central Intelligence Agency employ, utilize and rely upon certain individuals having Communist associations and connections. This matter was...substantial in import." Despite the enormous evidence of Davies' support of the Communists, the State Department cleared him of being a security/loyalty risk. Eventually, in 1954, under political pressure from McCarthy and Senator [[Patrick McCarran]], Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] asked Davies to resign. When he refused, on 5 November, 1954, Dulles terminated his employment, stating that Davies had "demonstrated a lack of judgment, discretion and reliability."

+

McCarthy stated that, "Both [John Stewart] Service and Davies spent considerable time in China as State Department officials. In their recommendations to Washington both followed the Communist Party line. For example, on November 7, 1944, Davies submitted a memorandum to the State Department outing that the Communist Party in China was 'a modern dynamic popular government.' At the same time he referred to the anti-Communists as 'feudal.' 'The Communists are in China to stay. And China's destiny is not Chiang's but theirs,' said Davies. On December 12, 1944 he urged that we supply the Chinese Communists with arms — a proposal which [[Dean Acheson]] two years later requested Congress to approve." In 1944, Ambassador to China, [[Patrick J. Hurley]], accused Davies of working behind his back to support the Communists. According to Hurley, "Davies had one day flown off to Yenan to tell [[Mao Zedong|Mao TseTung]], the Communist leader, that Hurley, our Ambassador (an anti-Communist), did not represent the American viewpoint." According to ''The China Story'' by [[Freda Utley]], Davies was a great fan of Communist operative [[Agnes Smedley]] who operated in China. Utley states, "Davies was also a great admirer of [[Agnes Smedley]], whom he called one of 'the pure in heart.' He used to invite us all to excellent dinners at the American consulate, at which he expressed both his admiration and affection for Agnes. Together with [[Edgar Snow]] and other journalists I knew in Hankow, he [Davies] became one of the most potent influences in the Department [of State] furthering the cause of the Chinese Communists." The [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] had found that Davies had "testified falsely before the subcommittee in denying that he recommended the Central Intelligence Agency employ, utilize and rely upon certain individuals having Communist associations and connections. This matter was...substantial in import." Despite the enormous evidence of Davies' support of the Communists, the State Department cleared him of being a security/loyalty risk. Eventually, in 1954, under political pressure from McCarthy and Senator [[Patrick McCarran]], Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] asked Davies to resign. When he refused, on 5 November 1954, Dulles terminated his employment, stating that Davies had "demonstrated a lack of judgment, discretion and reliability."

({{cite book

| last = Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent

Line 334: Line 334:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 341: Line 341:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = June 14, 1951

+

| date = June 14, 1951

| title = Page 6574

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 368: Line 368:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}},

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}},

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 375: Line 375:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}},

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}},

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = February 20, 1950

+

| date = February 20, 1950

| title = Page 1956

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}},

Line 384: Line 384:

{{cite book

| last = FBI Silvermaster file, Tamm to the Director,

−

| ~~year~~ = April 22, 1946

+

| date = April 22, 1946

| title = [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster042.pdf Vol. 42, pg. 100] pdf

| publisher = U. S. Government}}

Line 390: Line 390:

{{cite book

| last = FBI Silvermaster file

−

| ~~year~~ = October 10, 1946

+

| date = October 10, 1946

| title = http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster076.pdf [Vol. 76, pgs. 9 and 126] pdf

| publisher = U. S. Government}}; (heavily redacted). Memorandum discuss inquiry from the U.S. Statement as to the participation of [[Alger Hiss]], Gustavo Duran and others in the [[Amerasia]] case. Fitch recommends replying to the State Dept. by referring to the detailed memoranda on Hiss and Duran which was previously submitted and a summary memo transmitted to General Holmes, to Fred Lyon's attention on May 29, 1945 in connection with [[Philip Jaffe]] and the Amerasia case (pg. 9). Statement that memos on Alger Hiss and Gustavo Duran will follow. Hiss memo is included, but that on Duran is not (pg. 126).</ref>

Line 401: Line 401:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 408: Line 408:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

* [[Herbert Fierst]], U.S. State Department; McCarthy's case #1 and Lee list #51;<ref>

Presented by McCarthy as Case Number 1 and Number 51 on the Lee list. Fierst was employed by the State Department beginning in September, 1946. In 1951, he was placed into the loyalty-security channels of the State Department. The Civil Service Loyalty Review Board expressed dissatisfaction with the handling of his case, and sent it back to the State Department Board for readjudication. Afterwards, a judgment was issued by the Civil Service Loyalty Review Board that, "a State Department officer's loyalty status had not been explored with sufficient thoroughness even after seven years." According to Robert L. Bannerman, Special Assistant and security officer in the State Department, in a memo issued by him on August 2, 1946, indicates that, "physical surveillance showed that this man Fierst was in constant contact with members of an espionage group and that he recommended Communists for State Department employment, and was engaged in a number of other Communist activities."

Line 416: Line 416:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster064.pdf Vol. 64, pg. 240] pdf. Brief background on Herbert Fierst.</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster077.pdf Vol. 77, pg. 202] pdf, September 1946.</ref>

Line 428: Line 428:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 435: Line 435:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

* [[Theodore Geiger]], U.S. State Department;<ref>

During the [[Tydings Committee]] hearings, Robert Morris, the Chief Counsel for the Minority, stated that Geiger was engaged in espionage activities as part of a Communist Party cell operating in the U.S. Morris offered to provide several witnesses who were also in Geiger's Communist Party cell however the Chairman of the [[Tydings Committee]], [[Millard Tydings]] declined to hear the testimony. On July 25, 1950, Senator McCarthy told the Senate about this case and that the witnesses to Geiger's Communist Party cell where willing to testify but that [[Millard Tydings]] refused the opportunity to expose a known Communist working for the State Department.

Line 443: Line 443:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = July 25, 1950

+

| date = July 25, 1950

| title = Page 1091

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 456: Line 456:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 463: Line 463:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

* [[Stanley Graze]], U.S. State Department intelligence; McCarthy's Case #8 and Lee list #8, brother of Gerald Graze, confirmed in KGB Archives;<ref>

Graze was McCarthy's Case Number 8. Graze and his brother, [[Gerald Graze|Gerald]], were both employed by the State Department during [[World War II]] and in 1944, Gerald was identified as a secret member of the [[Communist Party of the United States]]. Even so, Stanley continued to work for the State Department until 1948. Oddly enough, on April 20, 1948, the Loyalty Security Board cleared him. Ten days later he resigned and became employed with the United Nations. Both Gerald and Stanley Graze are identified in the 1948 ''Gorsky Memo'' of Compromised American sources and networks having a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence. On October 14, 1952, while testifying before the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] he refused to answer questions regarding participation in the [[Communist Party of the United States]] and questions regarding espionage activity against the U.S. How Graze passed the State Department's Review Board remains unexplained.

Line 471: Line 471:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[Ruth Marcia Harrison]], U.S. State Department; McCarthy's Case #7 and Lee list #4;<ref>

On August 9, 1951, Senator McCarthy listed Harrison as being a U.S. State Department employee who was clearly a security and loyalty risk. McCarthy mentioned that Harrison belonged to a long list of [[Communist front]] organizations and the Library of Congress branch of the Communist Party. Harrison was investigated by various branches of the Federal government numerous times before her termination in 1951, mainly because of her involvement in the 1930’s in organizations that had been identified as subversive. These organizations include the American Student Union, the [[Young Communist League]], and the Washington Bookshop Association. Subversive elements in the Federal government were able to clear Harrison in all prior investigations, but in 1951, her luck ran out. An informant revealed that Harrison had been active in the Library of Congress branch of the Communist Party when she was employed there as a cataloger, and this information ultimately led to the Loyalty and Security Board’s determination that Harrison posed a security risk as a Federal employee. Government documents related to her case that were declassified after amendments to the Freedom of Information Act in 1975, including investigation files from the [[FBI]], the State Department, the [[CIA]], and the Civil Service Commission indicated that the government's case against Harrison was absolutely correct and her termination justified.

Line 479: Line 479:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 492: Line 492:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 499: Line 499:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

* [[Philip Jessup]], U.S. State Department, Assistant Director for the Naval School of Military Government and Administration at Columbia University in New York, Delegate to the U.N. in a number of different capacities, Ambassador-at-large, and Chairman of the Institute of Pacific Relations Research Advisory Committee; McCarthy's Case #15;<ref>

McCarthy's first comments regarding Jessup were made during the [[Tydings Committee]] hearings where McCarthy stated that Jessup had an unusual affinity for Communist causes. McCarthy was never allowed by the Tydings Committee to outline his case regarding Jessup but the committee did allow Jessup to fly in from Pakistan and give his defense against charges that McCarthy had not yet even made. Needless to say, the Tydings Committee cleared Jessup as they did with everyone that appeared before them. However, in two speeches on the floor of the Senate, McCarthy gave his evidence regarding Jessup's "unusual affinity for Communist causes". They are as follows:

Line 519: Line 519:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Tydings Committee Hearings

Line 527: Line 527:

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = March 30, 1950

+

| date = March 30, 1950

| title = Pages 4402-4405

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = June 2, 1950

+

| date = June 2, 1950

| title = Pages 8000-8003

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 549: Line 549:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Tydings Committee Hearings

Line 557: Line 557:

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = March 30, 1950

+

| date = March 30, 1950

| title = Pages 4380-81

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 566: Line 566:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}})</ref>

* [[Leon Hirsch Keyserling]], President [[Harry Truman]]'s Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers;<ref>

Keyserling had an extensive background of service in the U.S. government. He had helped to shift the emphasis of U.S. economic policy toward a more [[Socialist]]ic structure. Evidence in the form of sworn testimony submitted to the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] indicated that he agreed with the principles of the Communist Party except for the idea that Communization of the U.S. could only be achieved through "bloody revolution" and he was against the idea of a separate political entity for Black people in the U.S. South. Other than those two details, Keyserling, a major official in the U.S. government, agreed with the Communization of the U.S. Less than a year after Senator McCarthy made this information public, Keyserling left U.S. government work for the private sector yet continued to act as a paid consultant to the U.S. Congress.

Line 574: Line 574:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 21, 1952

+

| date = August 21, 1952

| title = Page 4153

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 587: Line 587:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 21, 1952

+

| date = August 21, 1952

| title = Page 4153

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 600: Line 600:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 607: Line 607:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 620: Line 620:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 627: Line 627:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 642: Line 642:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 655: Line 655:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 662: Line 662:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 677: Line 677:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 684: Line 684:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

−

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref> <ref>~~FBI Silvmaster file 5c pg. 11 pdf.~~ [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm5c.pdf]</ref>

+

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm5c.pdf FBI Silvmaster file 5c pg. 11 pdf]</ref>

* [[Peveril Meigs]], U.S. State Department; Department of the Army; McCarthy's Case #3 and Lee list #2;<ref>

Meigs became employed with the State Department in September, 1945, and was allowed to resign from the State department in 1948 even though there were concerns regarding his security/loyalty. McCarthy related to the Senate the fact that Meigs was under investigation by the State Department's security/loyalty board yet was allowed to resign without noting his file as having been under investigation. Subsequently, Meigs went to work for the Department of the Army and after McCarthy communicated to the Army that Meigs should be investigated, the Army then looked into Meigs' background and found him to be a clear loyalty/security risk. In January 12, 1952 and again on May 26, 1952, McCarthy stated to the Senate that, "On February 20, I believe, I laid before the Senate the case of Perveril Meigs. The State Department held a hearing. They knew that they could not conceivably clear Perveril Meigs, even with the type of board which they have. What did they do? They notified him that he would not be cleared, so he then resigned, went over to the Army and got a job in the Army, with no notification to the Army that this man was an extremely bad security risk because of close association with espionage agents. It was only after we called the Army's attention to the case that the Army Loyalty Board took the case up, and of course, they promptly ordered him discharged." Meigs' case is a perfect example of the State Department covering up either its' incompetence in hiring individuals that are security/loyalty risks and/or in being able to properly filter out such individuals once they are employees of the State Department. The tactic of informing a suspected security/loyalty risk and allowing him or her to resign was a strategy implemented in order for the State Department to avoid appearing incompetent or as though they did not make any effort to avoid hiring loyalty/security risks.

Line 697: Line 697:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = January 15, 1952

+

| date = January 15, 1952

| title = Page 192

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = May 26, 1952

+

| date = May 26, 1952

| title = Page 5963

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 722: Line 722:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 741: Line 741:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = January 29, 1952

+

| date = January 29, 1952

| title = Page 581

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 753: Line 753:

| publisher = Truman Presidential Museum and Library

| date = May 15, 1969

−

| url = http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/nash15.htm}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster058.pdf Vol. 58, pgs. 107 - 110] pdf.</ref><ref> [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster065.pdf Vol. 65, pgs. 155 - 156] pdf. August 1946. Notes contact between Nash and [[Louise Bransten]] in January 1944. Bransten was the mistress of San Francisco [[KGB]] [[Rezident]] [[Grigory Kheifets]] who made initial contact with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] in the home of Bransten on December 6, 1941.</ref>

+

| url = http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/nash15.htm}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster058.pdf Vol. 58, pgs. 107 - 110] pdf.</ref><ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster065.pdf Vol. 65, pgs. 155 - 156] pdf. August 1946. Notes contact between Nash and [[Louise Bransten]] in January 1944. Bransten was the mistress of San Francisco [[KGB]] [[Rezident]] [[Grigory Kheifets]] who made initial contact with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] in the home of Bransten on December 6, 1941.</ref>

* [[Olga V. Osnatch]], U.S. State Department; McCarthy's Case #81 and Lee list #78;<ref>

On August 9, 1951, Senator McCarthy listed Osnatch as his Case #81. At the time of McCarthy's original investigation, Osnatch was not yet a citizen of the United States. At the time of this speech, it was not clear if she had gotten her citizenship papers or not. McCarthy stated that, "She worked for the Russian Embassy in Turkey for 3 years. Then with the Russian Welfare Society, and so forth. One of the significant things here, of course, is that the Russians do not hire people in their embassies unless they are Communists." So, what McCarthy was making clear in this speech was that only committed Communists are employed with Soviet agencies. Why an assumed Communist was allowed to work for the U.S. government was yet another mystery that the Truman administration would not explain.

Line 761: Line 761:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 768: Line 768:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9707

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 781: Line 781:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[Philip Raine]], U.S. State Department, Regional Specialist; McCarthy's Case #52 and Lee list #62;<ref>

On August 9, 1951, McCarthy stated, "He [Raine] is tied up, in the letter of the charges, very closely with Robert T. Miller, who has been identified under oath several times as a Russian espionage agent." McCarthy was making a close association to Miller who he himself had been identified by former Soviet operative, [[Elizabeth Bentley]] in her 1945 FBI statement. Again, it was incumbent upon the State Department to investigate these serious allegations yet did nothing about them.

Line 789: Line 789:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 796: Line 796:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

−

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster023.pdf "Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government"], Vol. 23, pgs. 55 - 272 pdf, February 21, 1946. Includes alphabetical index at end. In the later part of February 1946, the [[FBI]] transmitted to Secretary of State [[George Marshall]]l a 194 page Report based upon Soviet defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s deposition three months earlier entitled, "Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government." Preliminary investigations and other information in Bureau files gave support and credence to the providential value of Bentley's serious allegations. Bentley had been assigned a covername by the FBI, "Gregory," and the highly secret investigation was referred to by investigators as "the Gregory Case." State Department internal investigators provided a list of questions to the FBI for the confidential informant to answer. The Statement requested information about Philip and Alice Raine. Bentley, who worked out of New York, responded the names were entirely unfamiliar (pg. Vol. 96, pg. 87). Philip and Alicia Raine subsequently were developed as leads by FBI investigators in the Washington field office while surveilling the many contacts of [[Mary Jane Keeney]]. </ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Hoover letter to Secretary of State George Marshall, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster096.pdf Vol. 96, pgs. 85 -90] pdf, March 10, 1946.</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster077.pdf Vol. 77, pgs. 133, 135, 201] pdf, September 1946.</ref>

+

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster023.pdf "Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government"], Vol. 23, pgs. 55 - 272 pdf, February 21, 1946. Includes alphabetical index at end. In the later part of February 1946, the [[FBI]] transmitted to Secretary of State [[George Marshall]]l a 194 page Report based upon Soviet defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s deposition three months earlier entitled, "Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government." Preliminary investigations and other information in Bureau files gave support and credence to the providential value of Bentley's serious allegations. Bentley had been assigned a covername by the FBI, "Gregory," and the highly secret investigation was referred to by investigators as "the Gregory Case." State Department internal investigators provided a list of questions to the FBI for the confidential informant to answer. The Statement requested information about Philip and Alice Raine. Bentley, who worked out of New York, responded the names were entirely unfamiliar (pg. Vol. 96, pg. 87). Philip and Alicia Raine subsequently were developed as leads by FBI investigators in the Washington field office while surveilling the many contacts of [[Mary Jane Keeney]].</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Hoover letter to Secretary of State George Marshall, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster096.pdf Vol. 96, pgs. 85 -90] pdf, March 10, 1946.</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster077.pdf Vol. 77, pgs. 133, 135, 201] pdf, September 1946.</ref>

* [[Robert Ross]], U.S. State Department; McCarthy's Case #32 and Lee list #30;<ref>

Just like [[Arpad Erdos]], [[Gertrude Cameron]], [[Nelson Chipchin]], [[John Tipton Fishburn]], [[Stella Gordon]], [[Myron Victor Hunt]], [[Franz Leopold Neumann]], [[Sylvia Schimmel]], [[Frances M. Tuchser]] on August 9, 1951, Senator McCarthy listed Ross as being one of the individuals that he had given to the [[Tydings Committee]] a year earlier. McCarthy submitted to the Senate, Ross, as yet another example of a clear security risk who was currently in the loyalty-security channels in the State Department. There was no explanation from the State Department as to why Ross remained in loyalty-security channels for such a lengthy period of time. In the meantime, Ross, like Cameron, Fishburn, Chipchin, Erdos, Gordon, Hunt, Neumann, Schimmel, and Tuchser, was able to carry on his activities despite concerns about his loyalty and security clearance.

Line 809: Line 809:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 816: Line 816:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 829: Line 829:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 836: Line 836:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster061.pdf Vol. 61, pgs. 74 -79] pdf; Hottel to the Director, "Just Lunning," July 18, 1947. Discussion between [[Mary Jane Keeney]] and Sylvia Schimmel about Just Lunning, who would become Schimmel’s supervisor at the State Department. Sylvia Schimmel complained to Just Lunning she was not being given meaningful work at the State Dept. due to Schimmel's work for the Political Action Committee. Just Lunning had links to William T. Stone, [[V. Frank Coe]], Philip Dunaway, David Wahl, [[Donald Wheeler]], [[Allan Rosenberg]], Bowen Smith, and [[Edward Fitzgerald]]. Mary Jane Keeney had innumerable contacts in the [[CPUSA]] underground espionage apparatus which included [[Greg Silvermaster]], [[Helen Silvermaster]], [[Sergey Kurnakov]], [[Joseph Bernstein]], [[Frederick Field]], [[Maurice Halperin]], [[Haakon Chevalier]], [[Richard Bransten]], [[Laurence Todd]], [[William Ullman]], and [[Robert Miller]]. Much of the Silvermaster file is devoted to surveillance reports on them. Mary Jane Keeney had served in the occupation of Berlin while at this time her husband, [[Philip Keeney]] was serving in Japan. Mary Jane Keeney was seeking to join him there. The FBI and State Department officials were moving to prevent this, and to have Philip recalled from his position with the occupation forces. Mary Jane Keeney had turned to Sylvia Schimmel for assistance with her passport problems.</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster065.pdf Vol. 65, pg. 51] pdf.</ref><ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster096.pdf Vol. 96, pg. 78] pdf.</ref>

Line 849: Line 849:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

({{cite book

| last = Herman, Arthur

Line 855: Line 855:

| title = Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

| publisher = Free Press

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-684-83625-4}}

+

| isbn = 0-684-83625-4}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 862: Line 862:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = December 19, 1950

+

| date = December 19, 1950

| title = Page 16747

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}}

Line 882: Line 882:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 889: Line 889:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2 }}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2 }}

{{cite book

| last = Klehr, Harvey and Radosh, Ronald

Line 895: Line 895:

| title = The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism

| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-80782-245-0}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-80782-245-0}})</ref>

* [[Harlow Shapley]], U.S. State Department appointee to UNESCO, Chairman of the National Council of Arts, Sciences, and Professions;<ref>

Shapley joined at least six [[Communist front]] groups during the period of 1939-1941. By the time McCarthy had presented Shapley's case to the [[Tydings Committee]], Shapley was a member of at least 21 Communist front organizations, eight of them listed on the Attorney General's list. McCarthy's documentation clearly showed that Shapley remained associated with at least ten of these groups even after they were exposed and officially cited as subversive by multiple legislative investigating committees. In March 1949, at the "Waldorf Peace Conference", Shapley was Chairman of the National Council of Arts, Sciences, and Professions, of which even President Truman denounced as a "tool for Russia and a sounding board for Communist propaganda". Even so, Secretary of State Dean Achesson appointed Shapley as a representative of the U.S. and the U.S. State Department at UNESCO.

Line 904: Line 904:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

({{cite book

| last = Herman, Arthur

Line 910: Line 910:

| title = Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

| publisher = Free Press

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-684-83625-4}}

+

| isbn = 0-684-83625-4}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = February 20, 1950

+

| date = February 20, 1950

| title = Page 1973

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 923: Line 923:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[Frances M. Tuchser]], U.S. State Department; McCarthy's Case #6 and Lee list #6;<ref>

Just like [[Arpad Erdos]], [[Gertrude Cameron]], [[Nelson Chipchin]], [[John Tipton Fishburn]], [[Stella Gordon]], [[Myron Victor Hunt]], and [[Franz Leopold Neumann]], on August 9, 1951, Senator McCarthy listed Tuchser as being one of the individuals that he had given to the [[Tydings Committee]] a year earlier. McCarthy submitted to the Senate, Tuchser, as yet another example of a clear security risk who was currently in the loyalty-security channels in the State Department. There was no explanation from the State Department as to why Tuchser remained in loyalty-security channels for such a lengthy period of time. In the meantime, Tuchser, like Cameron, Fishburn, Chipchin, Erdos, Gordon, Hunt, and Neumann, was able to carry on her activities despite concerns about her loyalty and security clearance.

Line 931: Line 931:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}}

{{cite book

| last = McCarthy

Line 938: Line 938:

| title = Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-87968-308-2}}

+

| isbn = 0-87968-308-2}}

{{cite book

| last = Congressional Record,

−

| ~~year~~ = August 9, 1951

+

| date = August 9, 1951

| title = Page 9708

| publisher = U. S. Government Printing Office}})</ref>

Line 951: Line 951:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

* [[David Zablodowsky]], U.S. State Department & Director of the United Nations Publishing Division. McCarthy's Case #103;<ref>

Zablodowsky was McCarthy's Case Number 103. Zablodowsky worked in the State Department and later as Director of the United Nations Publishing Division. He admitted to being a member of an espionage ring in 1936 after [[Whittaker Chambers]], on October 23, 1952, gave testimony before the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] regarding Zablodowsky's activities.

Line 959: Line 959:

| title = McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning

| publisher = Regnery Publishing Inc.

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-89526-472-2}})</ref>

Line 971: Line 971:

| date = 1999

| pages = page 253

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-684-83625-4 }}

+

| isbn = 0-684-83625-4 }}

</ref>

Line 984: Line 984:

| date = 1973

| pages = page 466

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-688-00148-3}}</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-688-00148-3}}</ref>

To counter the negative publicity, McCarthy appeared on ''See It Now'' on April 6, 1954, and presented his case in order to clarify the misconceptions that Murrow had televised. McCarthy countered that his committee, "has forced out of government, and out of important defense plants, Communists engaged in the Soviet conspiracy." McCarthy went on to say, "For example, 238 witnesses were examined [in] public session; 367 witnesses examined [in] executive session; 84 witnesses refused to testify as to Communist activities on the ground that, if they told the truth, they might go to jail; twenty-four witnesses with Communist backgrounds have been discharged from jobs [in] which they were handling secret, top-secret, confidential material, individuals who were exposed before our committee." McCarthy also exposed Murrow's left-wing background and previous associations with Communist organizations.<ref>Murrow, Edward R. (May 31, 2005). [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/murrowmccarthy2.html ''The Edward R. Murrow: The McCarthy Years'']. New Video Group.</ref>

Line 997: Line 997:

| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press

| date = 1981

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-688-00148-3}}</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-688-00148-3}}</ref>

Nevertheless, despite the deceptive nature of the ''See It Now'' program and the late date in which it appears, anti-McCarthy historians have credited and celebrated Murrow as playing a major role in damaging Senator McCarthy's campaign to remove security risks from the U.S. government.

==Senate opposition to McCarthy==

−

While over the previous few years, Senator McCarthy had withstood countless biased and unsubstantiated attacks by [[Liberals]], [[Communists]], etc., who sought to prevent him from damaging their causes any further; the organized and co-ordinated effort between the two groups to remove McCarthy from his Chairmanship and officially condemn him began in March of 1954.

+

While over the previous few years, Senator McCarthy had withstood countless biased and unsubstantiated attacks by [[Liberals]], [[Communists]], etc., who sought to prevent him from damaging their causes any further; the organized and co-ordinated effort between the two groups to remove McCarthy from his Chairmanship and officially condemn him began in March 1954.

===Senate opposition===

On March 9, 1954 a fellow conservative and anti-communist [[Republican]] Senator, [[Ralph E. Flanders]] of [[Vermont]], gave a speech criticizing what he felt was Senator McCarthy’s "misdirection of our efforts at fighting communism” and his role in “the loss of respect for us in the world at large.” Flanders felt the nation should pay more attention looking outwards at the “alarming world-wide advance of Communist power” that would leave the United States and Canada as “the last remnants of the free world.” <ref>Multiple refereeces:

Line 1,025: Line 1,025:

| publication-place = Randolph, Vermont

| pages =

−

~~| year =1979~~

| date =September 29, 1979

| url =

Line 1,036: Line 1,035:

| date = 1995

| pages = 187

−

| id = ~~ISBN~~ 0-521-48262-3}}</ref>

+

| isbn = 0-521-48262-3}}</ref>

On June 11, 1954 Flanders introduced a resolution charging McCarthy “with unbecoming conduct" and calling for his removal from his committee chairmanship. Upon the advice of Senators John Sherman Cooper and [[J. William Fulbright]] and legal assistance from the [[National Committee for an Effective Congress]], a liberal organization, he modified his resolution to “bring it in line with previous actions of censure.”<ref>

Line 1,046: Line 1,045:

| publication-place = Boston

| publisher = Little, Brown

−

| pages = ~~260-261~~, 267

+

| pages = 260–261, 267

}}

</ref> After introducing his censure motion, Flanders had no active role in the ensuing Watkins Committee hearings. Flanders bore McCarthy no personal animosity and reported that McCarthy accepted his invitation to join him at lunch after the hearings had taken place.<ref>Flanders, pages = 267-268

Line 1,052: Line 1,051:

===Watkins Committee===

−

Ultimately, McCarthy was accused of 46 different counts of allegedly improper conduct and another special committee was set up, under the chairmanship of Senator [[Arthur Watkins]], to study and evaluate the charges. This was to be the fifth investigation of Senator McCarthy in five years. This committee opened hearings on August 31, 1954. After two months of hearings and deliberations, the Watkins Committee recommended that McCarthy be censured on only two of the original 46 counts. The committee exonerated McCarthy on all substantive charges.<ref>~~44 of the 46 charges were dropped.~~[http://www.xmission.com/~nccs/newsletter/nov05nl.html]</ref>

+

Ultimately, McCarthy was accused of 46 different counts of allegedly improper conduct and another special committee was set up, under the chairmanship of Senator [[Arthur Watkins]], to study and evaluate the charges. This was to be the fifth investigation of Senator McCarthy in five years. This committee opened hearings on August 31, 1954. After two months of hearings and deliberations, the Watkins Committee recommended that McCarthy be censured on only two of the original 46 counts. The committee exonerated McCarthy on all substantive charges.<ref>[http://www.xmission.com/~nccs/newsletter/nov05nl.html 44 of the 46 charges were dropped]</ref>

On November 8, 1954, a special session of the Senate convened to debate the two charges. The charges to be debated and voted on were: 1) That Senator McCarthy had "failed to cooperate" in 1952 with the Senate Subcommitee on Privileges and Elections that was looking into certain aspects of his private and political life in connection with a resolution for his expulsion from the Senate; and 2) That in conducting a senatorial inquiry, Senator McCarthy had "intemperately abused" General Ralph Zwicker.

−

The Zwicker count was dropped by the full Senate on the grounds that McCarthy's conduct was arguably "induced" by Zwicker's own behavior. Many senators felt that the Army had shown contempt for committee chairman McCarthy by disregarding his letter of February 1, 1954 and honorably discharging Irving Peress the next day. So, for this reason, the Senate concluded that McCarthy's conduct toward Zwicker on February ~~18th~~ was justified.

+

The Zwicker count was dropped by the full Senate on the grounds that McCarthy's conduct was arguably "induced" by Zwicker's own behavior. Many senators felt that the Army had shown contempt for committee chairman McCarthy by disregarding his letter of February 1, 1954 and honorably discharging Irving Peress the next day. So, for this reason, the Senate concluded that McCarthy's conduct toward Zwicker on February 18 was justified.

Therefore, the Zwicker count was dropped at the last minute and was replaced with this substitute charge: 2) That Senator McCarthy, by characterizing the Watkins Committee as the "unwitting handmaiden" of the Communist Party and by describing the special Senate session as a "lynch party" and a "lynch bee," had "acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity."<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/60.htm Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy] (1954) The United States Department of State.</ref>

Line 1,067: Line 1,066:

In analyzing the first count, "failure to cooperate with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections", the fact is that the subcommittee never subpoenaed McCarthy, but only "invited" him to testify. One senator and two staff members resigned from the subcommittee because of its dishonesty towards McCarthy. In its final report dated January 2, 1953, the subcommittee, stated that the matters under consideration "have become moot by reason of the 1952 election." Up until this moment in U.S. history, no senator had ever been punished for something that had happened in a previous Congress or for declining an "invitation" to testify. Therefore, the first count was a complete fraud and nothing more than a trumped up charge in order to damage Senator McCarthy.

−

The second count was even more flawed than the first. McCarthy was condemned for opinions he had expressed outside the Senate when he criticized the Watkins Committee and the special Senate session. In an editorial by David Lawrence in the June 7, 1957 issue of ''U.S. News & World Report'', other senators had accused McCarthy of lying under oath, accepting influence money, engaging in election fraud, making libelous and false statements, practicing blackmail, doing the work of the communists for them, and engaging in a questionable "personal relationship" with [[Roy Cohn]] and David Schine. However, these other Senators were not censured for acting "contrary to senatorial ethics" or for impairing the "dignity" of the Senate. Only Senator McCarthy would be held responsible for his words. <ref>Drummey, James J. (May 11, 1987). [http://www.jbs.org/node/632|''The Real McCarthy Record'']. The New American.</ref>

+

The second count was even more flawed than the first. McCarthy was condemned for opinions he had expressed outside the Senate when he criticized the Watkins Committee and the special Senate session. In an editorial by David Lawrence in the June 7, 1957 issue of ''U.S. News & World Report'', other senators had accused McCarthy of lying under oath, accepting influence money, engaging in election fraud, making libelous and false statements, practicing blackmail, doing the work of the communists for them, and engaging in a questionable "personal relationship" with [[Roy Cohn]] and David Schine. However, these other Senators were not censured for acting "contrary to senatorial ethics" or for impairing the "dignity" of the Senate. Only Senator McCarthy would be held responsible for his words.<ref>Drummey, James J. (May 11, 1987). [http://www.jbs.org/node/632 ''The Real McCarthy Record'']. The New American.</ref>

==Final years==

Line 1,138: Line 1,137:

* Joe McCarthy. ''McCarthyism: The Fight for America'' 1952 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97298720 online edition]

* Fried, ed. Albert. ''McCarthyism: The Great American Red Scare: a Documentary History'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54810194 online edition]

−

* Schrecker, Ellen W. "Archival Sources for the Study of McCarthyism," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. ~~197-208~~ [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(198806)75%3A1%3C197%3AASFTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T at JSTOR]

+

* Schrecker, Ellen W. "Archival Sources for the Study of McCarthyism," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 197–208 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(198806)75%3A1%3C197%3AASFTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T at JSTOR]

==See also==

Line 1,165: Line 1,164:

#Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent (1954, 1995 Printing). ''McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning''. Regnery Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.

#Cohn, Roy (1968). ''McCarthy''. The New American Library, Inc. ASIN B000KIR8FC.

−

#[http://tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Communist_54.html Communist Control Act of 1954] U.S. Statutes at Large, Public Law 637, Chp. 886, p. 775-780.

+

#[http://tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Communist_54.html Communist Control Act of 1954] U.S. Statutes at Large, Public Law 637, Chp. 886, p. 775-780.

#Coulter, Ann (2004). ''Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism''. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-400-05032-4.

#Drummey, James J. (May 11, 1987). [http://www.jbs.org/node/632 ''The Real McCarthy Record'']. The New American.

Line 1,188: Line 1,187:

#Woods, Randall Bennett (1995). ''Fulbright: A Biography''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48262-3.

−

==External ~~Links~~==

+

==External links==

*[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/victory.html America's Retreat From Victory], by Senator Joe McCarthy.

Line 1,200: Line 1,199:

*[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.

*[http://www.honors.umd.edu/HONR269J/archive/Murrow540309.html ''See It Now, Edward R. Murrow report on Senator McCarthy'']. (March 9, 1954). CBS-TV. Retrieved on 8/21/07.

−

*[http://www.honors.umd.edu/HONR269J/archive/Murrow540406.html ''See It Now, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Reply to Edward R. Murrow'']. (April 6, 1954}. CBS-TV. Retrieved on 8/21/07.

+

*[http://www.honors.umd.edu/HONR269J/archive/Murrow540406.html ''See It Now, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Reply to Edward R. Murrow'']. (April 6, 1954). CBS-TV. Retrieved on 8/21/07.

*[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/watt_interview_3.pdf Oral Interview with Ruth Young Watt], Chief Clerk, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1948-1979. United States Senate Historical Office. Retrieved from www.senate.gov 24 June 2007.

DavidB4-bot

Block, SkipCaptcha, Automoderated users, Bots, edit

57,719

edits

Changes

Joseph McCarthy (view source)

Revision as of 05:43, June 27, 2016

Navigation menu

Search