Changes

====Hospitals====

====Hospitals====

In 1919, Lieutenant Neill MacArtan of the Army Medical Corps arrived in Tucson, Arizona, looking for a sanatorium site. He found nearly 700 veterans scattered in squalid conditions throughout the area and commenced a decade's struggle to build a southwestern veterans hospital. Tucson's success is the story of city officials and citizens volunteering, organizing, battling other contenders like Livermore, California, and lobbying Congress. Despite MacArtan's death from tuberculosis in 1922, [[Veterans Administration Hospital]] Number 51 opened at Pastime Park in 1928. Many TB sufferers and veterans who had been [[chemical weapons|gassed]] in [[World War I]] and were in need of [[respiratory therapy]] came to Tucson after the war because of the clean, dry air.<ref> Alex Jay Kimmelman, "Pastime Park: Tucson's First Veterans' Hospital," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 1990 31(1): 19-42,</ref>  

In 1919, Lieutenant Neill MacArtan of the Army Medical Corps arrived in Tucson, Arizona, looking for a sanatorium site. He found nearly 700 veterans scattered in squalid conditions throughout the area and commenced a decade's struggle to build a southwestern veterans hospital. Tucson's success is the story of city officials and citizens volunteering, organizing, battling other contenders like Livermore, California, and lobbying Congress. Despite MacArtan's death from tuberculosis in 1922, [[Veterans Administration Hospital]] Number 51 opened at Pastime Park in 1928. Many TB sufferers and veterans who had been [[chemical weapons|gassed]] in [[World War I]] and were in need of [[respiratory therapy]] came to Tucson after the war because of the clean, dry air.<ref>Alex Jay Kimmelman, "Pastime Park: Tucson's First Veterans' Hospital," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 1990 31(1): 19-42,</ref>  

====Chinese====

====Chinese====

Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' kith relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants supplied General John Pershing's army in its expedition against Pancho Villa. Successful Chinese in Tucson led a viable community based on social integration, friendship, and kinship.<ref> Grace Peña Delgado, "Of Kith and Kin: Land, Leases, and 'Guanxi' in Tucson's Chinese and Mexican Communities, 1880s-1920s," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 2005 46(1): 33-54, </ref>

Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' kith relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants supplied General John Pershing's army in its expedition against Pancho Villa. Successful Chinese in Tucson led a viable community based on social integration, friendship, and kinship.<ref>Grace Peña Delgado, "Of Kith and Kin: Land, Leases, and 'Guanxi' in Tucson's Chinese and Mexican Communities, 1880s-1920s," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 2005 46(1): 33-54,</ref>

====World War II====

====World War II====

During World War II (1941-45) Mexican-American community organizations were very active in patriotic efforts to support American troops abroad, and made efforts to support the war effort materially and to provide moral support for the young American men fighting the war, especially the young Mexican-American men from local communities. Some of the community projects were cooperative ventures in which members of both the Mexican-American and Anglo communities participated. Most efforts made in the Mexican-American community, however, represented localized American home front activities that were separate from the activities of the Anglo community.<ref>Christine Marín, "Mexican Americans on the Home Front: Community Organizations in Arizona During World War II," ''Perspectives in Mexican American Studies'' 1993 4: 75-92</ref>

During World War II (1941–45) Mexican-American community organizations were very active in patriotic efforts to support American troops abroad, and made efforts to support the war effort materially and to provide moral support for the young American men fighting the war, especially the young Mexican-American men from local communities. Some of the community projects were cooperative ventures in which members of both the Mexican-American and Anglo communities participated. Most efforts made in the Mexican-American community, however, represented localized American home front activities that were separate from the activities of the Anglo community.<ref>Christine Marín, "Mexican Americans on the Home Front: Community Organizations in Arizona During World War II," ''Perspectives in Mexican American Studies'' 1993 4: 75-92</ref>

Mexican-American women in Tucson organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort during World War II. An underlying goal of the Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association was the reinforcement of the woman's role in Spanish-Mexican culture. The organization raised thousands of dollars, wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for Mexican-American servicemen. Membership reached over 300 during the war and eventually ended its existence in 1976.<ref>Julie A. Campbell, "Madres Y Esposas: Tucson's Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 1990 31(2): 161-182, </ref>

Mexican-American women in Tucson organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort during World War II. An underlying goal of the Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association was the reinforcement of the woman's role in Spanish-Mexican culture. The organization raised thousands of dollars, wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for Mexican-American servicemen. Membership reached over 300 during the war and eventually ended its existence in 1976.<ref>Julie A. Campbell, "Madres Y Esposas: Tucson's Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association," ''Journal of Arizona History'' 1990 31(2): 161-182,</ref>

====Titan====

====Titan====

Titan II Missile Complex 571-7, now the Titan Missile Museum was in service from 1963 through 1987. The Titan II's were the largest, most powerful intercontinental ballistic missiles developed by the United States. When they were phased out, the base located 25 miles south of Tucson was leased out to serve as a nonprofit museum; 53 other bases were dismantled.<ref>Marshall Krantz, "Postfix: the Museum of Modern Death," ''American Heritage of Invention & Technology'' 1992 8(2): 63-64, </ref>

Titan II Missile Complex 571-7, now the Titan Missile Museum was in service from 1963 through 1987. The Titan II's were the largest, most powerful intercontinental ballistic missiles developed by the United States. When they were phased out, the base located 25 miles south of Tucson was leased out to serve as a nonprofit museum; 53 other bases were dismantled.<ref>Marshall Krantz, "Postfix: the Museum of Modern Death," ''American Heritage of Invention & Technology'' 1992 8(2): 63-64,</ref>

====Merchandizing====

====Merchandizing====

Jacome's, a family-run department store in downtown Tucson survived for eighty years before succumbing to competition from the suburbs in 1980. Carlos Jacome opened the store as La Bonanza in 1897, and he and his sons and grandsons continued to run it in a way that reflected their Mexican-American heritage. In its last few years, Jacome's tried several times to open branch stores, but could not borrow the necessary capital. The Jacome family resolutely turned down all offers by national chains to buy the store, and closed down the business in 1980.<ref>June Webb-Vignery, "A Grande Dame Stripped of Her Jewels: the Last Days of Jacome's Department Store," ''Perspectives in Mexican American Studies'' 1992 3: 53-72, </ref>

Jacome's, a family-run department store in downtown Tucson survived for eighty years before succumbing to competition from the suburbs in 1980. Carlos Jacome opened the store as La Bonanza in 1897, and he and his sons and grandsons continued to run it in a way that reflected their Mexican-American heritage. In its last few years, Jacome's tried several times to open branch stores, but could not borrow the necessary capital. The Jacome family resolutely turned down all offers by national chains to buy the store, and closed down the business in 1980.<ref>June Webb-Vignery, "A Grande Dame Stripped of Her Jewels: the Last Days of Jacome's Department Store," ''Perspectives in Mexican American Studies'' 1992 3: 53-72,</ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Sheridan, Thomas E. ''Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854-1941.'' (1986). 327 pp.

* Sheridan, Thomas E. ''Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854-1941.'' (1986). 327 pp.

[[Category:Arizona]]

[[Category:Arizona]]

====references====

====References====

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<references/>

[[category:Urban History]]

[[Category:Urban History]]

[[category:Western United States]]

[[Category:Western United States]]