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In [[Lenin|Leninist]] theory, a '''united front''' is a coalition of [[left-wing]] "working class" forces which put forward a common set of demands and share a common plan of action, but which do not subordinate themselves to the front, retaining their abilities for independent political action and continuing to hold different political programs.

In [[Lenin]]ist theory, a '''united front''' is a coalition of [[left-wing]] "working class" forces which put forward a common set of demands and share a common plan of action, but which do not subordinate themselves to the front, retaining their abilities for independent political action and continuing to hold different political programs.

The related concept of a [[popular front]] refers to a broader coalition, which can even include so-called "[[bourgeois]]" forces, even [[liberal]]s. [[Communist]]s created united fronts when they found common ground with other like-minded groups.  

The related concept of a [[popular front]] refers to a broader coalition, which can even include so-called "[[bourgeois]]" forces, even [[liberal]]s. [[Communist]]s created united fronts when they found common ground with other like-minded groups.  

==United States==

==United States==

On March 18, 1933, the executive committee of the [[Comintern]] declared the adoption of a United Front policy. Its initial aim was to discredit support for reformist leadership, but meeting with little success it soon turned to anti-facsism. In 1935, the Comintern called for unity among all anti-fascist forces. In keeping with this policy, the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA) openly embraced [[President Roosevelt]] and the [[New Deal]], became vocal advocates of religious liberty and sought an alliance with the [[church]]es, the strategy being the creation of a network of [[Glossary_of_espionage_terms#Fronts_and_cutouts|front organization]]s which could win popular support and co-operation among the American electorate.  

On March 18, 1933, the executive committee of the [[Comintern]] declared the adoption of a United Front policy. Its initial aim was to discredit support for reformist leadership, but meeting with little success it soon turned to anti-facsism. In 1935, the Comintern called for unity among all anti-fascist forces. In keeping with this policy, the [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA) openly embraced [[President Roosevelt]] and the [[New Deal]], became vocal advocates of religious liberty and sought an alliance with the [[church]]es, the strategy being the creation of a network of [[Glossary of espionage terms#Fronts and cutouts|front organization]]s which could win popular support and co-operation among the American electorate.  

The Reverend [[Harry F. Ward]], a Methodist minister and chairman of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], who also served on the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary in New York City, and was a key figure in the Methodist Federation for Social Service, stated publicly,

The Reverend [[Harry F. Ward]], a Methodist minister and chairman of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], who also served on the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary in New York City, and was a key figure in the Methodist Federation for Social Service, stated publicly,

:"The [[Soviet Union]] will bring to the world a new concept that is in reality a fulfillment of the [[ethics]] of [[Jesus]]. [[Communism]] will systematically crush the evil profit motive that spurs on the American economy and replace it with incentives of service and sacrifice. The United States should set for itself the same goal." <ref> [http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/rac.2005.15.1.63?cookieSet=1 The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 18981936], CALIBER, Journals of the University of California Press, 28 January 2005.</ref>

:"The [[Soviet Union]] will bring to the world a new concept that is in reality a fulfillment of the [[ethics]] of [[Jesus]]. [[Communism]] will systematically crush the evil profit motive that spurs on the American economy and replace it with incentives of service and sacrifice. The United States should set for itself the same goal." <ref>[http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/rac.2005.15.1.63?cookieSet=1 The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 18981936], CALIBER, Journals of the University of California Press, 28 January 2005.</ref>

==China==

==China==

In 1922 [[Chinese Nationalist]] leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] Chinese met with Soviet [[Comintern]] agent Adolf A. Joffe in Shanghai. Joffe had been sent by [[V.I. Lenin]] to seek possible allies for Soviet policy. They reached an understanding in 1923 whereby Sun Yat-sen received Soviet support for a [[First United Front|United Front]] between his nationalist Kuomintang of China party (KMT) and the Communist Pary of China (CCP). However, Sun did not endorse Communism.  Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin helped reorganize the KMT on the lines of "[[democratic centralism]]" familiar in Communist parties, with leadership securely in the hands of a small group.  Fighting forces were equipped and trained, and Chinese Communists&mdash;who were encouraged to joined the Kuomintang as part of the United Front agreement&mdash;did their part in [[propaganda]] and organization to prepare for the military drive by KMT's army leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]] that was to make a [[Northern Expedition]] drive out the warlords.

In 1922 [[Chinese Nationalist]] leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] Chinese met with Soviet [[Comintern]] agent Adolf A. Joffe in Shanghai. Joffe had been sent by [[V.I. Lenin]] to seek possible allies for Soviet policy. They reached an understanding in 1923 whereby Sun Yat-sen received Soviet support for a [[First United Front|United Front]] between his nationalist Kuomintang of China party (KMT) and the Communist Pary of China (CCP). However, Sun did not endorse Communism.  Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin helped reorganize the KMT on the lines of "[[democratic centralism]]" familiar in Communist parties, with leadership securely in the hands of a small group.  Fighting forces were equipped and trained, and Chinese Communists&mdash;who were encouraged to joined the Kuomintang as part of the United Front agreement&mdash;did their part in [[propaganda]] and organization to prepare for the military drive by KMT's army leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]] that was to make a [[Northern Expedition]] drive out the warlords.

As commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang had to work closely with Soviet advisors and CCP officials as a result of the Sun-Joffe Agreement. Communist leader [[Chou En-lai]] was a senior political commissar at the academy. However, Chiang was very suspicious of his Communist allies. Following the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, Chiang became the most powerful individual KMT leader, and on March 11 1926 launched a limited purge of communists in Canton (the "Canton Coup"), as a result of which all his Soviet advisors were expelled from China. However, he did not dissolve the united front, and the CCP, under orders from Moscow, also continued to maintain the status quo.

As commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang had to work closely with Soviet advisors and CCP officials as a result of the Sun-Joffe Agreement. Communist leader [[Chou En-lai]] was a senior political commissar at the academy. However, Chiang was very suspicious of his Communist allies. Following the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, Chiang became the most powerful individual KMT leader, and on March 11, 1926 launched a limited purge of communists in Canton (the "Canton Coup"), as a result of which all his Soviet advisors were expelled from China. However, he did not dissolve the united front, and the CCP, under orders from Moscow, also continued to maintain the status quo.

===Second United Front===

===Second United Front===