Changes

The limited public forum framework "has been the source of much confusion" and the precise contours of the term "have not always been clear." Hopper v. City of Pasco, 241 F.3d 1067, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations and citation omitted). The Supreme Court first addressed the concept, indirectly, in Widmar. The Court recognized that, although the state is not required to open certain fora to public discourse, once it elects to do so, it "assume[s] an obligation to justify its discriminations and exclusions under applicable constitutional norms." Widmar, 454 U.S. at 267-68. Two years later, in [[Perry Educ. Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n|Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association]], 460 U.S. 37, 44-45, 103 S. Ct. 948, 74 L. Ed. 2d 794 (1983), the Supreme Court clarified that there are three categories of government-run fora. "At one end of the spectrum are streets and parks which have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public." Id. at 45 (internal quotations omitted). On the opposite end of the spectrum are those government properties that have not been traditionally considered open to the public. Id. at 46. Finally, falling somewhere in between are limited public fora, which "consist[ ] of public property which the state has opened for use by the public as a place for expressive activity." Id. at 45.

The limited public forum framework "has been the source of much confusion" and the precise contours of the term "have not always been clear." Hopper v. City of Pasco, 241 F.3d 1067, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations and citation omitted). The Supreme Court first addressed the concept, indirectly, in Widmar. The Court recognized that, although the state is not required to open certain fora to public discourse, once it elects to do so, it "assume[s] an obligation to justify its discriminations and exclusions under applicable constitutional norms." Widmar, 454 U.S. at 267-68. Two years later, in [[Perry Educ. Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n|Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association]], 460 U.S. 37, 44-45, 103 S. Ct. 948, 74 L. Ed. 2d 794 (1983), the Supreme Court clarified that there are three categories of government-run fora. "At one end of the spectrum are streets and parks which have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public." Id. at 45 (internal quotations omitted). On the opposite end of the spectrum are those government properties that have not been traditionally considered open to the public. Id. at 46. Finally, falling somewhere in between are limited public fora, which "consist[ ] of public property which the state has opened for use by the public as a place for expressive activity." Id. at 45.

[[category:District Court Cases]]

[[Category:District Court Cases]]

[[category:First Amendment]]

[[Category:First Amendment]]