Changes

Hofstadter's work after 1945 represented the "consensus school" that flourished in the 1950s in reaction to Beard. Hofstadter explained that the generation of Beard and Vernon Parrington had

Hofstadter's work after 1945 represented the "consensus school" that flourished in the 1950s in reaction to Beard. Hofstadter explained that the generation of Beard and Vernon Parrington had

<blockquote>...put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed.... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the Civil War. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref> quoted in Pole 2000 p. 73-4</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>...put such an excessive emphasis on conflict that an antidote was needed.... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together at all unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus which led to the Civil War. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<ref>quoted in Pole 2000 p. 73-4</ref></blockquote>

===Later work===

===Later work===

Hofstadter broke new historiographical ground by exploring sociological structures (perhaps influenced by his friend [[C. Wright Mills]]) and by probing unconscious psychological motives, status anxieties, irrational hatreds, and finally paranoia as political motivators. Although he directed over 100 Ph.D. dissertations in American history, he did not found a school, and gave little advice to his graduate students.  He rarely entered the archives himself and could not help his students in that regard. He was an aloof teacher who read sections of his next book to undergraduate classes, and was hard for graduate students to approach.<ref>Brown (2006) pp. 66-71. </ref>  

Hofstadter broke new historiographical ground by exploring sociological structures (perhaps influenced by his friend [[C. Wright Mills]]) and by probing unconscious psychological motives, status anxieties, irrational hatreds, and finally paranoia as political motivators. Although he directed over 100 Ph.D. dissertations in American history, he did not found a school, and gave little advice to his graduate students.  He rarely entered the archives himself and could not help his students in that regard. He was an aloof teacher who read sections of his next book to undergraduate classes, and was hard for graduate students to approach.<ref>Brown (2006) pp. 66-71.</ref>  

In ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics'' and ''Anti-Intellectualism in American Life'', Hofstadter described American society as a whole as extremely provincial, harboring widespread fears of any ideas outside the mainstream. Hofstadter saw a direct lineage from the [[Salem witch trials]] in the 17th century down to the [[McCarthyism]] of his era.  The title essay was first delivered as the Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford University in November 1963.  

In ''The Paranoid Style in American Politics'' and ''Anti-Intellectualism in American Life'', Hofstadter described American society as a whole as extremely provincial, harboring widespread fears of any ideas outside the mainstream. Hofstadter saw a direct lineage from the [[Salem witch trials]] in the 17th century down to the [[McCarthyism]] of his era.  The title essay was first delivered as the Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford University in November 1963.  

In other works, Hofstadter described American politics as essentially irrationally motivated. In ''The Idea of a Party System'', Hofstadter described the origins of the [[First Party System]] in America as being driven by an irrational fear that one of the two major parties hoped to destroy the republic. Hofstadter planned to write a major three-volume history of American politics, but at his death had only partially completed the first volume (later published as ''America in 1750'').  

In other works, Hofstadter described American politics as essentially irrationally motivated. In ''The Idea of a Party System'', Hofstadter described the origins of the [[First Party System]] in America as being driven by an irrational fear that one of the two major parties hoped to destroy the republic. Hofstadter planned to write a major three-volume history of American politics, but at his death had only partially completed the first volume (later published as ''America in 1750'').  

==Conservative==

==Conservative==

As Brown (2006) shows, he had become more conservative in the wake of the radical sit-in and temporary closing of Columbia university in 1968.  His friend [[David Herbert Donald]] recalled, "he was appalled by the growing radical, even revolutionary sentiment that he sensed among his colleagues and his students.  He could never share their simplistic, moralistic approach."<ref> quoted in Brown (2006) p. 180</ref>  At his death he had just published the first of a three-volume synthesis of American social history, based on the latest research in the new field of the "[[New Social History]]."

As Brown (2006) shows, he had become more conservative in the wake of the radical sit-in and temporary closing of Columbia university in 1968.  His friend [[David Herbert Donald]] recalled, "he was appalled by the growing radical, even revolutionary sentiment that he sensed among his colleagues and his students.  He could never share their simplistic, moralistic approach."<ref>quoted in Brown (2006) p. 180</ref>  At his death he had just published the first of a three-volume synthesis of American social history, based on the latest research in the new field of the "[[New Social History]]."

== Published works ==

== Published works ==

* "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War," ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1938), pp. 50-55 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28193810%2944%3A1%3C50%3ATTIOTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B full text in JSTOR]

* "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War," ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1938), pp.&nbsp;50–55 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28193810%2944%3A1%3C50%3ATTIOTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B full text in JSTOR]

* "William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist," ''The New England Quarterly''> Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep., 1941), pp. 457-477 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866%28194109%2914%3A3%3C457%3AWGSSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 online at JSTOR]  

* "William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist," ''The New England Quarterly''> Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep., 1941), pp.&nbsp;457–477 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866%28194109%2914%3A3%3C457%3AWGSSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 online at JSTOR]  

* "Parrington and the Jeffersonian Tradition," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct., 1941), pp. 391-400 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037%28194110%292%3A4%3C391%3APATJT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 JSTOR]

* "Parrington and the Jeffersonian Tradition," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct., 1941), pp.&nbsp;391–400 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037%28194110%292%3A4%3C391%3APATJT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 JSTOR]

* "William Leggett, Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy," ''Political Science Quarterly'' Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec., 1943), pp. 581-594 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3195%28194312%2958%3A4%3C581%3AWLSOJD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R JSTOR]

* "William Leggett, Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy," ''Political Science Quarterly'' Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec., 1943), pp.&nbsp;581–594 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3195%28194312%2958%3A4%3C581%3AWLSOJD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R JSTOR]

* "U. B. Phillips and The Plantation Legend," ''The Journal of Negro History'' Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr., 1944), pp. 109-124 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2992%28194404%2929%3A2%3C109%3AUBPATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 JSTOR]

* "U. B. Phillips and The Plantation Legend," ''The Journal of Negro History'' Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr., 1944), pp.&nbsp;109–124 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2992%28194404%2929%3A2%3C109%3AUBPATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 JSTOR]

*''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944); 1992 edition with preface by Eric Foner  

*''Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944); 1992 edition with preface by Eric Foner  

*''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (Knopf, 1948). [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01418  online at ACLS E-books]

*''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (Knopf, 1948). [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01418  online at ACLS E-books]

* "Beard and the Constitution: The History of an Idea," ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 2, No. 3 (Autumn, 1950), pp. 195-213 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28195023%292%3A3%3C195%3ABATCTH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F JSTOR]

* "Beard and the Constitution: The History of an Idea," ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 2, No. 3 (Autumn, 1950), pp.&nbsp;195–213 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28195023%292%3A3%3C195%3ABATCTH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F JSTOR]

*''The Age of Reform: from Bryan to F.D.R'' (Knopf, 1955). [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00652 online at ACLS e-books]

*''The Age of Reform: from Bryan to F.D.R'' (Knopf, 1955). [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00652 online at ACLS e-books]

*''The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States'' (Columbia University Press, 1955). (with Walter P. Metzger)

*''The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States'' (Columbia University Press, 1955). (with Walter P. Metzger)

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Brinkley, Alan. "Richard Hofstadter's the Age of Reform: A Reconsideration," ''Reviews in American History'' Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep., 1985), pp. 462-480 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0048-7511%28198509%2913%3A3%3C462%3ARHTAOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P JSTOR]

* Brinkley, Alan. "Richard Hofstadter's the Age of Reform: A Reconsideration," ''Reviews in American History'' Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep., 1985), pp.&nbsp;462–480 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0048-7511%28198509%2913%3A3%3C462%3ARHTAOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P JSTOR]

* Brown, David S. ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (2006) the major scholarly biography

* Brown, David S. ''Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography'' (2006) the major scholarly biography

* Claussen, Dane S. ''Anti-Intellectualism in American Media," (2004).

* Claussen, Dane S. ''Anti-Intellectualism in American Media," (2004).