Changes

===Administrative roles===

===Administrative roles===

The War Department and the Labor Department handled the administration. The Labor Department's role was to enroll eligible young men; the actual camps were operated by the Army, using 3,000 Army reserve officers who became camp directors. Each camp had a federal sponsor, usually a division of the Interior or Agriculture departments.  The sponsor designed the work to be done, provided the project supervisor and hired the trained foremen necessary, called "LEMs" (Local Experienced Men), who in turn trained CCCers. Each camp had an educational advisor provided by the Office of Education.  The Army provided chaplains, and contracted locally for groceries, fuel, and equipment and for medical services. There were no uniforms but the CCC provided a full set of work clothes, shoes, and sports gear.  Each enrollee earned $30 a month; he kept $5 and the other $25 went to his family. By 1935 the CCC was promoting about 13% of enrollees to act as leaders (at $36-45 a month).  The program cost about $1100 per year per full-time enrollee. Annual expenditures reached a maximum of $894 million in 1936.  Peak numbers came in August 1935 with 502,000 enrollees in 2,600 camps.

The War Department and the Labor Department handled the administration. The Labor Department's role was to enroll eligible young men; the actual camps were operated by the Army, using 3,000 Army reserve officers who became camp directors. Each camp had a federal sponsor, usually a division of the Interior or Agriculture departments.  The sponsor designed the work to be done, provided the project supervisor and hired the trained foremen necessary, called "LEMs" (Local Experienced Men), who in turn trained CCCers. Each camp had an educational advisor provided by the Office of Education.  The Army provided chaplains, and contracted locally for groceries, fuel, and equipment and for medical services. There were no uniforms but the CCC provided a full set of work clothes, shoes, and sports gear.  Each enrollee earned $30 a month; he kept $5 and the other $25 went to his family. By 1935 the CCC was promoting about 13% of enrollees to act as leaders (at $36–45 a month).  The program cost about $1100 per year per full-time enrollee. Annual expenditures reached a maximum of $894 million in 1936.  Peak numbers came in August 1935 with 502,000 enrollees in 2,600 camps.

The CCC was set up on a crash basis, as every aspect had to be invented new. The Labor Department organized a National Re-Employment Service for CCC recruitment; later the CCC handled its own recruiting through local welfare departments. The usual requirement was that the boy's father had to be registered as unemployed or on relief.  The first CCC enrollee entered on April 7, 1933, just thirty-seven days after Roosevelt's inauguration. Young men aged 17-23 enrolled for six months, with the option of enrolling for another six months, up to two years. There was little penalty for leaving early, and the "desertion" rate was 1-2% per month.  In a short time there were 250,000 enrollees working in CCC camps, plus 25,000 older World War veterans in special CCC camps, and 25,000 LEMs. By the time the CCC disbanded in 1942, over three million men had participated in it.  The quota for African-American was 10%, and black CCC workers were assigned to segregated all-back camps.

The CCC was set up on a crash basis, as every aspect had to be invented new. The Labor Department organized a National Re-Employment Service for CCC recruitment; later the CCC handled its own recruiting through local welfare departments. The usual requirement was that the boy's father had to be registered as unemployed or on relief.  The first CCC enrollee entered on April 7, 1933, just thirty-seven days after Roosevelt's inauguration. Young men aged 17–23 enrolled for six months, with the option of enrolling for another six months, up to two years. There was little penalty for leaving early, and the "desertion" rate was 1-2% per month.  In a short time there were 250,000 enrollees working in CCC camps, plus 25,000 older World War veterans in special CCC camps, and 25,000 LEMs. By the time the CCC disbanded in 1942, over three million men had participated in it.  The quota for African-American was 10%, and black CCC workers were assigned to segregated all-back camps.

===No job training===

===No job training===

The total of 200,000 black enrollees were almost entirely segregated after 1935, but always received equal pay and housing. Secretary of the Interior [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]] pressured Director Fechner to appoint blacks to supervisory positions such as education directors in the 143 segregated camps.  

The total of 200,000 black enrollees were almost entirely segregated after 1935, but always received equal pay and housing. Secretary of the Interior [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]] pressured Director Fechner to appoint blacks to supervisory positions such as education directors in the 143 segregated camps.  

Initially, the CCC was limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose fathers  were on relief.  Average enrollees were ages 18-19. Two exceptions to the age limits were veterans and Indians, who had a special CCC program and their own camps. In 1937, Congress changed the age limits to 17 to 28 years old, and dropped the requirement that enrollees be on relief.  

Initially, the CCC was limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose fathers  were on relief.  Average enrollees were ages 18–19. Two exceptions to the age limits were veterans and Indians, who had a special CCC program and their own camps. In 1937, Congress changed the age limits to 17 to 28 years old, and dropped the requirement that enrollees be on relief.  

===Indian Division===

===Indian Division===

==Disbandment==

==Disbandment==

Although the CCC was the most popular New Deal program, it never became a permanent agency. The Gallup poll of April 18, 1936, asked, "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?" 82% said "'''YES'''", including 92% of Democrats and 67% of Republicans. <ref>''Public Opinion, 1935-1946'' ed. by Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk 1951. Page 111</ref>

Although the CCC was the most popular New Deal program, it never became a permanent agency. The Gallup poll of April 18, 1936, asked, "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?" 82% said "'''YES'''", including 92% of Democrats and 67% of Republicans.<ref>''Public Opinion, 1935-1946'' ed. by Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk 1951. Page 111</ref>

The last extension passed by Congress was in 1939.  After the draft began in 1940 there were fewer and fewer eligible young men. When war was declared in December 1941, most CCC camps  except for wildland firefighting, were relocated onto military bases to help with construction there. The agency disbanded one year earlier than planned, after Congress voted to cut off funding for the CCC entirely after June 30, 1942.

The last extension passed by Congress was in 1939.  After the draft began in 1940 there were fewer and fewer eligible young men. When war was declared in December 1941, most CCC camps  except for wildland firefighting, were relocated onto military bases to help with construction there. The agency disbanded one year earlier than planned, after Congress voted to cut off funding for the CCC entirely after June 30, 1942.

*Patel, Kiran Klaus. ''Soldiers of Labor. Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933-1945'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Soldiers-Labor-1933-1945-Publications-Historical/dp/0521834163/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1203832722&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

*Patel, Kiran Klaus. ''Soldiers of Labor. Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933-1945'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Soldiers-Labor-1933-1945-Publications-Historical/dp/0521834163/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1203832722&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Salmond John A.  ''The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933-1942: a New Deal case study.'' (1967), the only scholarly history of the entire CCC

* Salmond John A.  ''The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933-1942: a New Deal case study.'' (1967), the only scholarly history of the entire CCC

* Salmond, John A. "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 52, No. 1. (Jun., 1965), pp. 75-88. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196506%2952%3A1%3C75%3ATCCCAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]

* Salmond, John A. "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 52, No. 1. (Jun., 1965), pp.&nbsp;75–88. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196506%2952%3A1%3C75%3ATCCCAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]

*  Sherraden, Michael W.  "Military Participation in a Youth Employment Program: The Civilian Conservation Corps," ''Armed Forces & Society,'' vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 227-245, April 1981  pp 227-245; ISSN  0095-327X  available online from SAGE Publications   

*  Sherraden, Michael W.  "Military Participation in a Youth Employment Program: The Civilian Conservation Corps," ''Armed Forces & Society,'' vol. 7, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;227–245, April 1981  pp 227–245; ISSN  0095-327X  available online from SAGE Publications   

* Speakman, Joseph M. "The New Deal Arrives in Penn's Woods: the Beginnings of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Pennsylvania." ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 2006 130(2): 211-232. Issn: 0031-4587 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]]

* Speakman, Joseph M. "The New Deal Arrives in Penn's Woods: the Beginnings of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Pennsylvania." ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 2006 130(2): 211-232. Issn: 0031-4587 Fulltext: [[History Cooperative]]

*  Steely, James W.  "Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal" (1999), detailing the interaction of local, state and federal agencies in organizing and guiding CCC work.  [http://www.amazon.com/Parks-Texas-Enduring-Landscapes-Caldwell/dp/0292777345/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1203832511&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

*  Steely, James W.  "Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal" (1999), detailing the interaction of local, state and federal agencies in organizing and guiding CCC work.  [http://www.amazon.com/Parks-Texas-Enduring-Landscapes-Caldwell/dp/0292777345/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1203832511&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

*  Wilson, James; "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s" ''Theatre History Studies'', Vol. 23, 2003 pp 77-92 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5001971468 online edition]

*  Wilson, James; "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s" ''Theatre History Studies'', Vol. 23, 2003 pp 77–92 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5001971468 online edition]

==External links==  

==External links==

*[http://www.cccalumni.org/museum.html CCC Museum in St. Louis, Missouri]

*[http://www.cccalumni.org/museum.html CCC Museum in St. Louis, Missouri]

*[http://members.aol.com/famjustin/ccchis.html James F Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, Online CCC Biographies Stories Photographs and Documents]

*[http://members.aol.com/famjustin/ccchis.html James F Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, Online CCC Biographies Stories Photographs and Documents]

*[http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-53515--,00.html  Rosentreter, Roger L. "Roosevelt's Tree Army: Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps"], with photographs  

*[http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-53515--,00.html  Rosentreter, Roger L. "Roosevelt's Tree Army: Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps"], with photographs  

*[http://texashistory.unt.edu/young/educators/ccc/index.shtml Life in the Civilian Conservation Corps]Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/CC/ncc1.html CCC in Texas]

*[http://texashistory.unt.edu/young/educators/ccc/index.shtml Life in the Civilian Conservation Corps] Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/CC/ncc1.html CCC in Texas]

*[http://www.nascc.org/ National Association of Service and Conservation Corps]

*[http://www.nascc.org/ National Association of Service and Conservation Corps]

====notes====

====notes====

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[[Category:New Deal]]

[[Category:New Deal]]

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

[[Category:Great Depression]]

[[Category:Great Depression]]