Changes

===Initial cover-up during the famine===

===Initial cover-up during the famine===

The Soviet leadership undertook extensive efforts to prevent the spread of any information about the Holodomor. State communications about the famine were kept a [[top secret]]. [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] sent a telegram to the party and provincial police chiefs requiring that Ukrainian peasants going north to [[Russia]] to seek bread were to be stopped.<ref>[[Robert Conquest]] ''The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History'', W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.</ref>  The telegram blamed the influx of peasants on [[Poland|Polish]] agents, who allegedly wanted to start a famine scare.  [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]] chairman [[Genrikh Yagoda]] reported that over two hundred thousands peasants had been sent back.  The secret correspondence included a letter sent by a party official from [[Dnipropetrovsk]] where he warned that "there will be no one left" alive to sow and ensure grain production, unless some amount of grain will not be taken.  Molotov replied that the needs of the state, as "defined in party resolutions", are more important than the lives of people.<ref>[[Robert Conquest]] ''The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History'', W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.</ref>

The Soviet leadership undertook extensive efforts to prevent the spread of any information about the Holodomor. State communications about the famine were kept a [[top secret]]. [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] sent a telegram to the party and provincial police chiefs requiring that Ukrainian peasants going north to [[Russia]] to seek bread were to be stopped.<ref name="Expectation 2004 page 102">[[Robert Conquest]] ''The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History'', W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.</ref>  The telegram blamed the influx of peasants on [[Poland|Polish]] agents, who allegedly wanted to start a famine scare.  [[State Political Directorate|OGPU]] chairman [[Genrikh Yagoda]] reported that over two hundred thousands peasants had been sent back.  The secret correspondence included a letter sent by a party official from [[Dnipropetrovsk]] where he warned that "there will be no one left" alive to sow and ensure grain production, unless some amount of grain will not be taken.  Molotov replied that the needs of the state, as "defined in party resolutions", are more important than the lives of people.<ref name="Expectation 2004 page 102"/>

Various acts were committed to conceal the true number of dead people. Out of 9,472 only 3,997 corpses were registered in the Kyiv Medical Inspectorate. Similar cover-ups took place everywhere.<ref name="reflections"/>   

Various acts were committed to conceal the true number of dead people. Out of 9,472 only 3,997 corpses were registered in the Kyiv Medical Inspectorate. Similar cover-ups took place everywhere.<ref name="reflections"/>   

While the famine was taking place, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities denied its existence.  It was a criminal offense to mention the famine, punishable with a five-year term in the [[Gulag]] [[labor camp]]s; placing the blame on the authorities led to a death sentence.<ref name="reflections">[[Robert Conquest]] ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, p. 96</ref>

While the famine was taking place, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities denied its existence.  It was a criminal offense to mention the famine, punishable with a five-year term in the [[Gulag]] [[labor camp]]s; placing the blame on the authorities led to a death sentence.<ref name="reflections">[[Robert Conquest]] ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, p. 96</ref>

As a result the population growth failed to meet the expected targets set by the Communist party.  When this became evident from the population statistics data, three successive heads of the [[Goskomstat|Soviet Central Statistical Administration]] were executed, while others were arrested.<ref>Lisa Shymko, [http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12306 "The Politics of Genocide"], ''[[The American Spectator]]'', November 14 2007</ref>

As a result the population growth failed to meet the expected targets set by the Communist party.  When this became evident from the population statistics data, three successive heads of the [[Goskomstat|Soviet Central Statistical Administration]] were executed, while others were arrested.<ref>Lisa Shymko, [http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12306 "The Politics of Genocide"], ''[[The American Spectator]]'', November 14, 2007</ref>

The [[Soviet Census (1937)|1937 Soviet Census]] was thought to be exemplary due to its apparent thoroughness and near-perfect organization.  Government officials in charge of the census received state awards immediately upon the census conclusion.  When it became apparent that the final population figures were significantly lower than expected, the results were classified and the census organizers were repressed.  The new [[Soviet Census (1939)|1939 census]] was organized in such a way as to have certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by [[Joseph Stalin]] in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party. No other censuses were conducted until 1959.

The [[Soviet Census (1937)|1937 Soviet Census]] was thought to be exemplary due to its apparent thoroughness and near-perfect organization.  Government officials in charge of the census received state awards immediately upon the census conclusion.  When it became apparent that the final population figures were significantly lower than expected, the results were classified and the census organizers were repressed.  The new [[Soviet Census (1939)|1939 census]] was organized in such a way as to have certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by [[Joseph Stalin]] in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party. No other censuses were conducted until 1959.

=== Official Holodomor denial by Soviet officials ===

=== Official Holodomor denial by Soviet officials ===

Soviet President [[Mikhail Kalinin]] responded to Western offers of food by telling of “political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine,” and commented that, “only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."<ref>[http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3513136.html How Liberals Funked It]</ref><ref name="reflections"/>

Soviet President [[Mikhail Kalinin]] responded to Western offers of food by telling of “political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine,” and commented that, “only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."<ref name="reflections"/><ref>[http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3513136.html How Liberals Funked It]</ref>

In an interview with [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]] in March 1933, Soviet Foreign Minister [[Maxim Litvinov]] stated, “Well, there is no famine", and went on to say, "You must take a longer view. The present hunger is temporary. In writing books you must have a longer view.  It would be difficult to describe it as hunger.”<ref name="Jones-Litvinov">[[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]], [http://www.colley.co.uk/garethjones/st_patricks/litvinov_famine_denia_oldl.htm Interview with Maxim Litvinov], March 1933</ref>

In an interview with [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]] in March 1933, Soviet Foreign Minister [[Maxim Litvinov]] stated, “Well, there is no famine", and went on to say, "You must take a longer view. The present hunger is temporary. In writing books you must have a longer view.  It would be difficult to describe it as hunger.”<ref name="Jones-Litvinov">[[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]], [http://www.colley.co.uk/garethjones/st_patricks/litvinov_famine_denia_oldl.htm Interview with Maxim Litvinov], March 1933</ref>

===The early 1980s===

===The early 1980s===

In 1983 for the first time, Holodomor remembrance was co-ordinated by the Ukrainian community world wide. The [[Ukrainian diaspora]] exerted pressure on the media and various governments, including the governments of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], to raise the issue of the Holodomor with the government of the Soviet Union. The United States created a Commission into the famine. The Soviet authorities predicted this commission would place the Soviet state responsible for the act.<ref name="symp">[http://www.cym.org/au/archives/Holodomor.pdf The Great Famine of 1932-33 - A Symposium], 22 October, 2003, pp.4-5</ref>

In 1983 for the first time, Holodomor remembrance was co-ordinated by the Ukrainian community world wide. The [[Ukrainian diaspora]] exerted pressure on the media and various governments, including the governments of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], to raise the issue of the Holodomor with the government of the Soviet Union. The United States created a Commission into the famine. The Soviet authorities predicted this commission would place the Soviet state responsible for the act.<ref name="symp">[http://www.cym.org/au/archives/Holodomor.pdf The Great Famine of 1932-33 - A Symposium], 22 October 2003, pp.4-5</ref>

In an attempt to counter this, the [[Soviet government]] admitted that some peasantry died to climatic conditions mainly [[drought]].

In an attempt to counter this, the [[Soviet government]] admitted that some peasantry died to climatic conditions mainly [[drought]].

One of the first Western Holodomor deniers was [[Walter Duranty]]. Duranty was the winner of the 1932 [[Pulitzer prize]] in journalism in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on [[Russia]] and the working out of the [[Five-Year Plan (USSR)|Five Year Plan]].<ref>[http://duranty.pelech.org/duranty2003/pulitzer2003.pdf "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize"] (December 30, 2002&ndash;April 28, 2003)</ref> While the famine was raging, he wrote in the pages of ''[[The New York Times]]'' that "Any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda," and that "There is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."<ref>[[Arnold Beichman]], [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/791vwuaz.asp ''Pulitzer-Winning Lies''], ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'', June 12, 2003</ref>

One of the first Western Holodomor deniers was [[Walter Duranty]]. Duranty was the winner of the 1932 [[Pulitzer prize]] in journalism in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on [[Russia]] and the working out of the [[Five-Year Plan (USSR)|Five Year Plan]].<ref>[http://duranty.pelech.org/duranty2003/pulitzer2003.pdf "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize"] (December 30, 2002&ndash;April 28, 2003)</ref> While the famine was raging, he wrote in the pages of ''[[The New York Times]]'' that "Any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda," and that "There is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."<ref>[[Arnold Beichman]], [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/791vwuaz.asp ''Pulitzer-Winning Lies''], ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'', June 12, 2003</ref>

In his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine. In private however, he told [[Eugene Lyons]] and reported to the [[United Kingdom|British]] Embassy that at least seven million had died of famine <ref> Embassy dispatch dated 30 September 1933 included the following: "According to Mr. Duranty the population of [[North Caucasus]] and the Lower [[Volga River|Volga]] had decreased in the past year by three million, and the population of Ukraine by four to five million" (cited from ''"Reflections on the ravaged century"'', p. 123)</ref>. Duranty acted more like a spokesman for the Soviet government than an independent reporter for a Western newspaper.  As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine... But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelet without breaking eggs."<ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytco.com/company/awards/statement.html "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty"]</ref>

In his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine. In private however, he told [[Eugene Lyons]] and reported to the [[United Kingdom|British]] Embassy that at least seven million had died of famine.<ref>Embassy dispatch dated 30 September 1933 included the following: "According to Mr. Duranty the population of [[North Caucasus]] and the Lower [[Volga River|Volga]] had decreased in the past year by three million, and the population of Ukraine by four to five million" (cited from ''"Reflections on the ravaged century"'', p. 123)</ref> Duranty acted more like a spokesman for the Soviet government than an independent reporter for a Western newspaper.  As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine... But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelet without breaking eggs."<ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytco.com/company/awards/statement.html "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty"]</ref>

Duranty wrote articles denying the fact that the Holodomor was taking place in Ukraine. He also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and [[anti-communism|anti-Bolshevik]] [[propaganda|propagandists]]. Duranty continued to repeat Soviet disinformation without verifying its veracity. As the ''New York Times'' notes: "Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time."<ref name="NYT"/>  

Duranty wrote articles denying the fact that the Holodomor was taking place in Ukraine. He also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and [[anti-communism|anti-Bolshevik]] [[propaganda|propagandists]]. Duranty continued to repeat Soviet disinformation without verifying its veracity. As the ''New York Times'' notes: "Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time."<ref name="NYT"/>  

===Louis Fischer and ''The Nation''===

===Louis Fischer and ''The Nation''===

[[Louis Fischer]], an American reporter who glossed over Soviet reality had a deep ideological commitment to [[communism]] dating back to 1920. Fischer traveled to Ukraine in October and November of 1932, for ''[[The Nation]]'', and was initially alarmed at what he saw. "In the [[Poltava]], [[Vinnitsa]], [[Podolsk]] and [[Kiev]] regions, conditions will be hard," he wrote, "I think there is no starvation anywhere in Ukraine now — after all they have just gathered in the harvest but it was a bad harvest."

[[Louis Fischer]], an American reporter who glossed over Soviet reality had a deep ideological commitment to [[communism]] dating back to 1920. Fischer traveled to Ukraine in October and November 1932, for ''[[The Nation]]'', and was initially alarmed at what he saw. "In the [[Poltava]], [[Vinnitsa]], [[Podolsk]] and [[Kiev]] regions, conditions will be hard," he wrote, "I think there is no starvation anywhere in Ukraine now — after all they have just gathered in the harvest but it was a bad harvest."

Initially critical of the Soviet grain procurement program because it created food problem, Fischer adopted the official Soviet government view, which blamed the problem on Ukrainian [[counter-revolutionary]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] "[[Wrecking (Soviet crime)|wreckers]]." It seemed "whole villages" had been "contaminated" by such men, who were deported to "lumbering camps and mining areas in distant agricultural areas which are now just entering upon their pioneering stage." These steps were forced upon the [[Kremlin]], Fischer wrote, but the Soviets were, nevertheless, learning how to rule wisely.

Initially critical of the Soviet grain procurement program because it created food problem, Fischer adopted the official Soviet government view, which blamed the problem on Ukrainian [[counter-revolutionary]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] "[[Wrecking (Soviet crime)|wreckers]]." It seemed "whole villages" had been "contaminated" by such men, who were deported to "lumbering camps and mining areas in distant agricultural areas which are now just entering upon their pioneering stage." These steps were forced upon the [[Kremlin]], Fischer wrote, but the Soviets were, nevertheless, learning how to rule wisely.

===Communist Party of the USA ===

===Communist Party of the USA ===

The Ukrainian American community upon receiving reports of the Famine in November and December 1933 organized marches in a number of U.S. cities to protest against American recognition of a government which was starving millions of Ukrainians.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref><ref name="sulz">[http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/duranty42.htm Letter to Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., Publisher, NY Times]</ref> [[Communist Party USA|American Communists]] resorted to violence in an attempt to silence the Ukrainians.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref><ref>[http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/duranty42.htm Letter to Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., Publisher, NY Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.shevchenko.org/famine/21_27.htm Dushnyck, Walter.  50 Years Ago: The Famine Holocaust in Ukraine: Terror and Human Misery as Instruments of Russian Imperialism]</ref> On November 18, 1933, in [[New York City]], 8,000 Ukrainians marched from [[Washington Square Park, New York|Washington Square Park]] to 67th Street, while 500 Communists ran beside the parade and snatched the Ukrainians' handbills, spat on the marchers and tried to hit them.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref><ref>[http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/duranty42.htm Letter to Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., Publisher, NY Times]</ref> Five persons were injured.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref> Only the presence of 300 policemen on foot and a score on horseback leading the parade and riding along its flanks prevented serious trouble.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref><ref name="sulz"></ref>

The Ukrainian American community upon receiving reports of the Famine in November and December 1933 organized marches in a number of U.S. cities to protest against American recognition of a government which was starving millions of Ukrainians.<ref name="ukrweekly.com">[http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028822.shtml Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine]</ref><ref name="sulz">[http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/duranty42.htm Letter to Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., Publisher, NY Times]</ref> [[Communist Party USA|American Communists]] resorted to violence in an attempt to silence the Ukrainians.<ref name="ukrweekly.com"/><ref name="sulz"/><ref>[http://www.shevchenko.org/famine/21_27.htm Dushnyck, Walter.  50 Years Ago: The Famine Holocaust in Ukraine: Terror and Human Misery as Instruments of Russian Imperialism]</ref> On November 18, 1933, in [[New York City]], 8,000 Ukrainians marched from [[Washington Square Park, New York|Washington Square Park]] to 67th Street, while 500 Communists ran beside the parade and snatched the Ukrainians' handbills, spat on the marchers and tried to hit them.<ref name="ukrweekly.com"/><ref name="sulz"/> Five persons were injured.<ref name="ukrweekly.com"/> Only the presence of 300 policemen on foot and a score on horseback leading the parade and riding along its flanks prevented serious trouble.<ref name="ukrweekly.com"/><ref name="sulz" />

In [[Chicago]], on December 17, 1933, several hundred Communists mounted a massed attack on the vanguard of 5,000 Ukrainian American marchers, leaving over 100 injured in what ''The New York Times'' called "the worst riot in years":

In [[Chicago]], on December 17, 1933, several hundred Communists mounted a massed attack on the vanguard of 5,000 Ukrainian American marchers, leaving over 100 injured in what ''The New York Times'' called "the worst riot in years":

=== Holodomor denial by Foreign Dignitaries visiting the USSR ===

=== Holodomor denial by Foreign Dignitaries visiting the USSR ===

Prominent dignitaries who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[H. G. Wells]], are also on record as denying the existence of the Famine in Ukraine<ref>[http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/communism/com107.html Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others]</ref>.

Prominent dignitaries who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[H. G. Wells]], are also on record as denying the existence of the Famine in Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/communism/com107.html Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others]</ref>

In 1934 the British Foreign Office in the House of Lords stated that there was no evidence to support the allegations against the Soviet government regarding the Famine in Ukraine. The testimony of Sir John Maynard, a renowned famine expert who visited the Ukraine in the summer of 1933 rejected tales of famine-genocide propagated by the Ukrainians<ref>[http://www.stalinsociety.org.uk/ukrainian.html The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth]</ref>.

In 1934 the British Foreign Office in the House of Lords stated that there was no evidence to support the allegations against the Soviet government regarding the Famine in Ukraine. The testimony of Sir John Maynard, a renowned famine expert who visited the Ukraine in the summer of 1933 rejected tales of famine-genocide propagated by the Ukrainians.<ref>[http://www.stalinsociety.org.uk/ukrainian.html The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth]</ref>

The height of manipulation was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between August 26 and September 9, 1933, by [[Prime Minister of France|French Prime Minister]] [[Edouard Herriot]], who denied accounts of the famine.  The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets.  Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested.  The streets were washed.  Just like all other [[Western World|Western]] visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants," all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle.<ref>''Reflections'', p. 122</ref>  Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumor.  "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders," he declared.  The September 13 1933 issue of ''[[Pravda]]'' was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the

The height of manipulation was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between August 26 and September 9, 1933, by [[Prime Minister of France|French Prime Minister]] [[Edouard Herriot]], who denied accounts of the famine.  The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets.  Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested.  The streets were washed.  Just like all other [[Western World|Western]] visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants," all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle.<ref>''Reflections'', p. 122</ref>  Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumor.  "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders," he declared.  The September 13, 1933 issue of ''[[Pravda]]'' was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the

USSR."<ref>[http://colley.co.uk/garethjones/ukraine2005/Etienne%20Thevein%20%20English%20translation.pdf "France, Germany and Austria Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine"]</ref>.

USSR.".<ref>[http://colley.co.uk/garethjones/ukraine2005/Etienne%20Thevein%20%20English%20translation.pdf "France, Germany and Austria Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine"]</ref>

The lack of knowledge of this genocide was observed by English writer [[George Orwell]], who commented that "''huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of [[England|English]] [[Russophiles]]"''.<ref>George Orwell, "''Notes on Nationalism''" in "The ''Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell''" ([[London]], 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.</ref>

The lack of knowledge of this genocide was observed by English writer [[George Orwell]], who commented that "''huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of [[England|English]] [[Russophiles]]"''.<ref>George Orwell, "''Notes on Nationalism''" in "The ''Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell''" ([[London]], 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.</ref>

In 1987 the Canadian trade-unionist and activist [[Douglas Tottle]], published the controversial book ''Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: the Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard'', where he claimed that the Holodomor was "fraudulent", and "a creation of [[Nazism|Nazi]] propagandists".<ref name="tottle">Douglas Tottle, [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm/ "Fraud, famine, and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard"], Toronto: Progress Books, 1987. ISBN 0919396518</ref> By the author's own account, his book is only carried by 28 libraries around the world. His book, published by the Communist ''Progress Publishers'' in [[Toronto]], appeared practically at the same time Ukrainian Communist party leader [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]] publicly acknowledged the Holodomor, in December 1987, and the book was subsequently withdrawn from circulation.<ref>[http://mailman.lbo-talk.org/2003/2003-September/021722.html link Letter from David R. Marples]</ref> Only the first two chapters of the book deal with the Famine in Ukraine. The rest is written to discredit the work done by western Scholars, to associate the Ukrainian diaspora in the West with Fascism, and to discredit the US support of Holodomore research. Nevertheless, the book is available on the internet, and continues to be cited as an "invaluable" and "important" book by groups such as the [[Stalin Society]] in [[Great Britain]], author [[Jeff Coplon]], and others.

In 1987 the Canadian trade-unionist and activist [[Douglas Tottle]], published the controversial book ''Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: the Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard'', where he claimed that the Holodomor was "fraudulent", and "a creation of [[Nazism|Nazi]] propagandists".<ref name="tottle">Douglas Tottle, [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm/ "Fraud, famine, and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard"], Toronto: Progress Books, 1987. ISBN 0919396518</ref> By the author's own account, his book is only carried by 28 libraries around the world. His book, published by the Communist ''Progress Publishers'' in [[Toronto]], appeared practically at the same time Ukrainian Communist party leader [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]] publicly acknowledged the Holodomor, in December 1987, and the book was subsequently withdrawn from circulation.<ref>[http://mailman.lbo-talk.org/2003/2003-September/021722.html link Letter from David R. Marples]</ref> Only the first two chapters of the book deal with the Famine in Ukraine. The rest is written to discredit the work done by western Scholars, to associate the Ukrainian diaspora in the West with Fascism, and to discredit the US support of Holodomore research. Nevertheless, the book is available on the internet, and continues to be cited as an "invaluable" and "important" book by groups such as the [[Stalin Society]] in [[Great Britain]], author [[Jeff Coplon]], and others.

In a review of Tottle's book in the ''[[Ukrainian Canadian Magazine]]'', published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, [[Wilfred Szczesny]] wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988, p. 24).<ref name="Szcz">[http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/serbyn/ "The last stand of the Ukrainian famine-genocide deniers"]</ref>

In a review of Tottle's book in the ''[[Ukrainian Canadian Magazine]]'', published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, [[Wilfred Szczesny]] wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988, p.&nbsp;24).<ref name="Szcz">[http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/serbyn/ "The last stand of the Ukrainian famine-genocide deniers"]</ref>

In his book, ''Searching for place'', Lubomyr Luciuk comments: "For a particularly base example of famine-denial literature, see Tottle, ''Fraud, famine, and fascism...''".<ref>Lubomyr Luciuk, ''Searching for place: Ukrainian displaced persons, Canada, and the migration of memory'', Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 2000, p. 413. ISBN 0802042457</ref> Professor [[Roman Serbyn]] a professor of history at the University of Quebec at Montreal has published an analysis and critical review of Tottles book which is available [http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/serbyn/ here].

In his book, ''Searching for place'', Lubomyr Luciuk comments: "For a particularly base example of famine-denial literature, see Tottle, ''Fraud, famine, and fascism...''".<ref>Lubomyr Luciuk, ''Searching for place: Ukrainian displaced persons, Canada, and the migration of memory'', Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 2000, p. 413. ISBN 0802042457</ref> Professor [[Roman Serbyn]] a professor of history at the University of Quebec at Montreal has published an analysis and critical review of Tottles book which is available [http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/serbyn/ here].

===Mario Sousa===

===Mario Sousa===

In 1998 [[Mario Sousa]] published "''Lies Concerning the History of the Soviet Union''"<ref>[http://www.mariosousa.se/LiesconcerningthehistoryoftheSovietUnion.html Lies concerning the history of the Soviet Union]</ref>.

In 1998 [[Mario Sousa]] published "''Lies Concerning the History of the Soviet Union''".<ref>[http://www.mariosousa.se/LiesconcerningthehistoryoftheSovietUnion.html Lies concerning the history of the Soviet Union]</ref>  

Sousa's arguments against the Holodomor are based on his interpretation that the early Holodomor campaign was started by the Nazi's and was later taken up and funded by Ukrainian refugees who he states were Nazi collaborators. Sousa continues that Holodomor scholarship was later supported by the CIA during the [[Cold War]] specifically aimed at slandering and discrediting the Soviet government.

Sousa's arguments against the Holodomor are based on his interpretation that the early Holodomor campaign was started by the Nazi's and was later taken up and funded by Ukrainian refugees who he states were Nazi collaborators. Sousa continues that Holodomor scholarship was later supported by the CIA during the [[Cold War]] specifically aimed at slandering and discrediting the Soviet government.

===The Stalin Society===

===The Stalin Society===

Holodomor denial continues into the 21st century with the publication of "''The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth''", a pamphlet penned by prominent British physician [[John Puntis]] and published in July 2002 by the [[Stalin Society]]. The Stalin Society itself has been described as "''tiny, aging and schism-ridden''"<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article120991.ece "Stalin apologists drink to the memory of Uncle Joe"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 2 March 2003</ref>. Once again heavily relying on Tottle, facts are reinterpreted with sources questioned, numbers questioned and the whole history of the famine made to look like the continuation of the Cold War<ref>[http://www.stalinsociety.org.uk/ukrainian.html#After The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth]</ref>.

Holodomor denial continues into the 21st century with the publication of "''The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth''", a pamphlet penned by prominent British physician [[John Puntis]] and published in July 2002 by the [[Stalin Society]]. The Stalin Society itself has been described as "''tiny, aging and schism-ridden''".<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article120991.ece "Stalin apologists drink to the memory of Uncle Joe"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 2 March 2003</ref> Once again heavily relying on Tottle, facts are reinterpreted with sources questioned, numbers questioned and the whole history of the famine made to look like the continuation of the Cold War.<ref>[http://www.stalinsociety.org.uk/ukrainian.html#After The Ukrainian famine-genocide myth]</ref>

===Soviet role===

===Soviet role===

==Holodomor denial in University courses==

==Holodomor denial in University courses==

In 2004 Toronto University offered a history course on "The Soviet Union and the Stalin Question" by M. Rodsky. Rather than starting from a neutral point of view, Rodsky took a revisionist version of Stalin and the history of the Soviet Union. In his third lecture in the series he approached "The Famine in Ukraine: What is the Truth?". The reading list consisted exclusively of materials that denied the existence of the Holodomor<ref>[http://individual.utoronto.ca/mrodden/study/ssustudy.html The Soviet Union and the Stalin Question]</ref>.

In 2004 Toronto University offered a history course on "The Soviet Union and the Stalin Question" by M. Rodsky. Rather than starting from a neutral point of view, Rodsky took a revisionist version of Stalin and the history of the Soviet Union. In his third lecture in the series he approached "The Famine in Ukraine: What is the Truth?". The reading list consisted exclusively of materials that denied the existence of the Holodomor.<ref>[http://individual.utoronto.ca/mrodden/study/ssustudy.html The Soviet Union and the Stalin Question]</ref>

* In Search of a SOVIET HOLOCAUST (short reading)[http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/vv.html Here]

* In Search of a SOVIET HOLOCAUST (short reading)[http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/vv.html Here]

==Holodomor denial and Ukrainian law==

==Holodomor denial and Ukrainian law==

On November 28 2006, Ukraine's parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]], passed a law recognizing the 1932&ndash;1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were [[BYuT]]—118 deputies, [[NSNU]]—79 deputies, [[Socialist Party of Ukraine|Socialists]]—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the [[Party of Regions]]—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). The [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] voted against the bill.  In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—a minimum of 226 votes were required for it to be passed.<ref>[http://www.day.kiev.ua/179841/ "Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense"], 3 April 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.lucorg.com/luc/news.php?id=2241 "What the Verkhovna Rada actually passed"], February 28, 2007</ref>

On November 28, 2006, Ukraine's parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]], passed a law recognizing the 1932&ndash;1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were [[BYuT]]—118 deputies, [[NSNU]]—79 deputies, [[Socialist Party of Ukraine|Socialists]]—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the [[Party of Regions]]—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). The [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] voted against the bill.  In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—a minimum of 226 votes were required for it to be passed.<ref>[http://www.day.kiev.ua/179841/ "Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense"], 3 April 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.lucorg.com/luc/news.php?id=2241 "What the Verkhovna Rada actually passed"], February 28, 2007</ref>

A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by [[President of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] for consideration by the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian Parliament]].  The draft law envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932&ndash;1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of [[the Holocaust]] as the fact of genocide of the [[Jew]]ish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=56782 "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted"], December 12, 2007</ref>

A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by [[President of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] for consideration by the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian Parliament]].  The draft law envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932&ndash;1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of [[the Holocaust]] as the fact of genocide of the [[Jew]]ish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=56782 "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted"], December 12, 2007</ref>

*Paris, Erna. ''Long shadows: truth, lies, and history'', New York: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2001.  ISBN 1582342105

*Paris, Erna. ''Long shadows: truth, lies, and history'', New York: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2001.  ISBN 1582342105

*Springer, Jane, ''Genocide'', Toronto: Groundwood Books, 2006.  ISBN 0888996810

*Springer, Jane, ''Genocide'', Toronto: Groundwood Books, 2006.  ISBN 0888996810

*Tauger, Mark B., [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500600 ''The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933''], [[Slavic Review]], Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70-89

*Tauger, Mark B., [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500600 ''The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933''], [[Slavic Review]], Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp.&nbsp;70–89

*[[James Waller|Waller, James]], ''Becoming evil: how ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing'', Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0195148681

*[[James Waller|Waller, James]], ''Becoming evil: how ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing'', Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0195148681

*Crowl, James William, ''Angels in Stalin's Paradise. Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937. A case study of Louis Fisher and Walter Duranty'', [[University Press of America]], 1982. ISBN 0819121851

*Crowl, James William, ''Angels in Stalin's Paradise. Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937. A case study of Louis Fisher and Walter Duranty'', [[University Press of America]], 1982. ISBN 0819121851