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There are two major privately owned transcontinental freight railway systems, the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. Nation-wide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation VIA Rail. Commuter trains serve Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.
There are two major privately owned transcontinental freight railway systems, the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. Nation-wide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation VIA Rail. Commuter trains serve Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.
Canada has 49,422 km total trackage, of which only 129 km is electrified. Canada uses standard gauge track, except for small narrow gauge lines isolated from the main North American rail network used in mining or forestry, and the broad-gauge streetcar and subway lines of Toronto.
Canada has 49,422 km total trackage, of which only 129 km is electrified. Canada uses standard gauge track, except for small narrow gauge lines isolated from the main North American rail network used in mining or forestry, and the broad-gauge streetcar and subway lines of Toronto.
==History==
==History==
* Darling H. ''The Politics of Freight Rates'' McClelland and Stewart 1980
* Darling H. ''The Politics of Freight Rates'' McClelland and Stewart 1980
* Due, J. F. ''The Intercity Electric Railway Industry in Canada'' University of Toronto Press 1966
* Due, J. F. ''The Intercity Electric Railway Industry in Canada'' University of Toronto Press 1966
* Dunn, Samuel O. "The Failure of Government Ownership in Canada," ''The Journal of Political Economy,'' Vol. 24, No. 6 (Jun., 1916), pp. 547-571 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28191606%2924%3A6%3C547%3ATFOGOI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* Dunn, Samuel O. "The Failure of Government Ownership in Canada," ''The Journal of Political Economy,'' Vol. 24, No. 6 (Jun., 1916), pp. 547–571 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28191606%2924%3A6%3C547%3ATFOGOI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* Eagle, J. A. ''The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Development of Western Canada, 1896-1914.'' McGill-Queen's University Press 1989
* Eagle, J. A. ''The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Development of Western Canada, 1896-1914.'' McGill-Queen's University Press 1989
* Fleming, R. B. ''The Railway King of Canada: Sir William Mackenzie, 1849-1923'' University of British Columbia Press, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-railway-king-of-canada-sir-william-mackenzie-1849-1923-by-r-b-fleming.jsp online at [[Questia]]]
* Fleming, R. B. ''The Railway King of Canada: Sir William Mackenzie, 1849-1923'' University of British Columbia Press, 1991 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-railway-king-of-canada-sir-william-mackenzie-1849-1923-by-r-b-fleming.jsp online at [[Questia]]]
* Fournier, Leslie T. ''Railway Nationalization in Canada: The Problem of the Canadian National Railways'' (1937)
* Fournier, Leslie T. ''Railway Nationalization in Canada: The Problem of the Canadian National Railways'' (1937)
* Fournier, Leslie T. "The Canadian National Railway versus the Canadian Pacific: A Comparative Study," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jun., 1931), pp. 369-389 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28193106%2939%3A3%3C369%3ATCNRVT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Fournier, Leslie T. "The Canadian National Railway versus the Canadian Pacific: A Comparative Study," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jun., 1931), pp. 369–389 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28193106%2939%3A3%3C369%3ATCNRVT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Freeman, Kenneth D. et al. ''The Growth and Performance of the Canadian Transcontinental Railways 1956-1981'' (1987)
* Freeman, Kenneth D. et al. ''The Growth and Performance of the Canadian Transcontinental Railways 1956-1981'' (1987)
* Gibbon, John Murray. ''Steel of Empire: The Romantic History of the Canadian Pacific'' (1936)
* Gibbon, John Murray. ''Steel of Empire: The Romantic History of the Canadian Pacific'' (1936)
* Heaver, T.D. and James C. Nelson, "Railway Pricing Under Commercial Freedom: The Canadian Experiencem" ''Journal of Economic Literature'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 1061-1062 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197809%2916%3A3%3C1061%3ARPUCFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P in JSTOR]
* Heaver, T.D. and James C. Nelson, "Railway Pricing Under Commercial Freedom: The Canadian Experiencem" ''Journal of Economic Literature'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 1061–1062 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197809%2916%3A3%3C1061%3ARPUCFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P in JSTOR]
* Hertel; D. W. ''History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955.'' 1955 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-the-brotherhood-of-maintenance-of-way-employees-its-birth-and-growth-1887-1955-by-d-w-hertel.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Hertel; D. W. ''History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955.'' 1955 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-the-brotherhood-of-maintenance-of-way-employees-its-birth-and-growth-1887-1955-by-d-w-hertel.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Hofsommer, Don L. ''Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian National Railways in the United States, 1971-1992.'' 1995. 227 pp.
* Hofsommer, Don L. ''Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian National Railways in the United States, 1971-1992.'' 1995. 227 pp.
* Jackman, W. T. "Appraisal of Government Ownership and Operation of Railways in Canada," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 201, (Jan., 1939), pp. 175-184 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162%28193901%29201%3C175%3AAOGOAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O in JSTOR]
* Jackman, W. T. "Appraisal of Government Ownership and Operation of Railways in Canada," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 201, (Jan., 1939), pp. 175–184 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162%28193901%29201%3C175%3AAOGOAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O in JSTOR]
* Kaye, Lamb W. ''History of the Canadian Pacific Railway''. (1977).
* Kaye, Lamb W. ''History of the Canadian Pacific Railway''. (1977).
* Leonard, Frank. ''A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia'' University of British Columbia Press, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-thousand-blunders-the-grand-trunk-pacific-railway-and-northern-british-columbia-by-frank-leonard.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Leonard, Frank. ''A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia'' University of British Columbia Press, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-thousand-blunders-the-grand-trunk-pacific-railway-and-northern-british-columbia-by-frank-leonard.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Lewis, Frank D. and David R. Robinson. "The Timing of Railway Construction on the Canadian Prairies," ''The Canadian Journal of Economics'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp. 340-352 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-4085%28198405%2917%3A2%3C340%3ATTORCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Lewis, Frank D. and David R. Robinson. "The Timing of Railway Construction on the Canadian Prairies," ''The Canadian Journal of Economics'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp. 340–352 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-4085%28198405%2917%3A2%3C340%3ATTORCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* McLean, Simon J. "Canadian Railways and the Bonding Question," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 7, No. 4 (Sep., 1899), pp. 500-542 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28189909%297%3A4%3C500%3ACRATBQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* McLean, Simon J. "Canadian Railways and the Bonding Question," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 7, No. 4 (Sep., 1899), pp. 500–542 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28189909%297%3A4%3C500%3ACRATBQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* McLean, S. J. "The Canadian Government and the Railway Problem ," ''The Economic Journal'' Vol. 12, No. 47 (Sep., 1902), pp. 403-415 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0133%28190209%2912%3A47%3C403%3ATCGATR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* McLean, S. J. "The Canadian Government and the Railway Problem ," ''The Economic Journal'' Vol. 12, No. 47 (Sep., 1902), pp. 403–415 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0133%28190209%2912%3A47%3C403%3ATCGATR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Middleton, William D. et al. eds. ''Encyclopedia of North American Railroads'' Indiana U.P. (2007)
* Middleton, William D. et al. eds. ''Encyclopedia of North American Railroads'' Indiana U.P. (2007)
* den Otter, A.A. ''The Philosophy of Railways: The Transcontinental Railway Idea in British North America'' University of Toronto Press, 1997.
* den Otter, A.A. ''The Philosophy of Railways: The Transcontinental Railway Idea in British North America'' University of Toronto Press, 1997.
* Willson, Beckles. ''The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal'' 1915. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-life-of-lord-strathcona-and-mount-royal-gcmg-gcv0-by-beckles-willson.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Willson, Beckles. ''The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal'' 1915. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-life-of-lord-strathcona-and-mount-royal-gcmg-gcv0-by-beckles-willson.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===
* Colmer, Joseph G. "Some Canadian Railway and Commercial Statistics," ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society'' Vol. 51, No. 1 (Mar., 1888), pp. 74-112 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0952-8385%28188803%2951%3A1%3C74%3ASCRACS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
* Colmer, Joseph G. "Some Canadian Railway and Commercial Statistics," ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society'' Vol. 51, No. 1 (Mar., 1888), pp. 74–112 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0952-8385%28188803%2951%3A1%3C74%3ASCRACS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on the Intercolonial Railway Exploratory Survey'' (1865) 101 pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=7qq2qHvp0NkC&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on the Intercolonial Railway Exploratory Survey'' (1865) 101 pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=7qq2qHvp0NkC&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway'' (1877) 431 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=_60NAAAAQAAJ&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway'' (1877) 431 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=_60NAAAAQAAJ&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/railroad.htm Guide to Railroad History online]
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/railroad.htm Guide to Railroad History online]
==see also==
==See also==
* [[Grand Trunk Railway of Canada]]
* [[Grand Trunk Railway of Canada]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Canada]]