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'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hanna thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.  

'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hanna thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.  

==Early life==

==Early life==

Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician.  Leonard Hanna brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business.  Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician.  Leonard Hanna brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business.  Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor—that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.  

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.  

By October the [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] realized they were losing on Bryan's favorite issue (free silver to cause inflation) and targeted Hanna as the arch-villain who threatened to put corporate interests ahead of the national interest. As McKinley was highly likable, Hanna became a target of Bryanites, especially [[William Randolph Hearst]] and his ''[[New York Journal]]'', with cartoonists like Davenport portraying him as a bloated sinister figure with a cruel face, wearing a suit decorated with dollar signs.<ref> Jeansonne, 1988 </ref>

By October the [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] realized they were losing on Bryan's favorite issue (free silver to cause inflation) and targeted Hanna as the arch-villain who threatened to put corporate interests ahead of the national interest. As McKinley was highly likable, Hanna became a target of Bryanites, especially [[William Randolph Hearst]] and his ''[[New York Journal]]'', with cartoonists like Davenport portraying him as a bloated sinister figure with a cruel face, wearing a suit decorated with dollar signs.<ref>Jeansonne, 1988</ref>

Hanna's campaign employed 1,400 people, who unleashed a flood of 250 million pamphlets, leaflets, posters, and stump speakers who reached every precinct warning of the dangers of Free Silver and Bryan's radicalism, while promising prosperity and pluralism for all if McKinley won.  McKinley scored a landslide with an electoral vote of 271 to 176.   

Hanna's campaign employed 1,400 people, who unleashed a flood of 250 million pamphlets, leaflets, posters, and stump speakers who reached every precinct warning of the dangers of Free Silver and Bryan's radicalism, while promising prosperity and pluralism for all if McKinley won.  McKinley scored a landslide with an electoral vote of 271 to 176.   

[[Image:~HANNA96.jpg|thumb|300px|In 1896 liberal Democrat [[William Randolph Hearst]] published this savage cartoon (by Davenport) in the ''New York Journal'' to hurt McKinley. It shows Hanna as a bloated slavedriver sitting on $$$$ killings and exploiting the laboring men.]]

[[Image:~HANNA96.jpg|thumb|300px|In 1896 liberal Democrat [[William Randolph Hearst]] published this savage cartoon (by Davenport) in the ''New York Journal'' to hurt McKinley. It shows Hanna as a bloated slavedriver sitting on $$$$ killings and exploiting the laboring men.]]

Most important, Hanna nationalized presidential elections.  No longer would candidates passively allow the state organizations to dominate the campaign; in conjunction with Bryan's unprecedented whistle-stop campaign that delivered over 500 speeches in 90 days, American election campaigning was permanently revolutionized.<ref> Jensen, (1971)</ref>  See [[American election campaigns, 19th century]]

Most important, Hanna nationalized presidential elections.  No longer would candidates passively allow the state organizations to dominate the campaign; in conjunction with Bryan's unprecedented whistle-stop campaign that delivered over 500 speeches in 90 days, American election campaigning was permanently revolutionized.<ref>Jensen, (1971)</ref>  See [[American election campaigns, 19th century]]

* Cole, Arthur C. "Hanna, Marcus Alonzo," ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1932), Volume 4

* Cole, Arthur C. "Hanna, Marcus Alonzo," ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1932), Volume 4

* Croly, Herbert. ''Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work'' (1912), still the leading biography [http://books.google.com/books?id=843LWVTdC00C&pg=PA84&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Croly, Herbert. ''Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work'' (1912), still the leading biography [http://books.google.com/books?id=843LWVTdC00C&pg=PA84&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

* Dick, Charles N. W. "Marcus A. Hanna" ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Collections'' (1904) v 13 pp 355-74 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V_nwbcNHyMAC&printsec=toc&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=gd6sEUbZOvFG2nMQ2-Fxx6leako#PPA355,M1 online edition]

* Dick, Charles N. W. "Marcus A. Hanna" ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Collections'' (1904) v 13 pp 355–74 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V_nwbcNHyMAC&printsec=toc&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=gd6sEUbZOvFG2nMQ2-Fxx6leako#PPA355,M1 online edition]

* Glen Jeansonne, "Goldbugs, Silverites, and Satirists: Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896." ''Journal of American Culture'' 1988 11(2): 1-8. Issn: 0191-1813  

* Glen Jeansonne, "Goldbugs, Silverites, and Satirists: Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896." ''Journal of American Culture'' 1988 11(2): 1-8. Issn: 0191-1813  

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)

* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)